Telangana Board Class 12 Zoology Syllabus 2026-27: Download PDF

Unit

Chapter/Topic

Subtopics

Unit I: Human Anatomy and Physiology-I

IA. Digestion and Absorption

Digestive system: alimentary canal and digestive glands; digestive process and physiology of digestion; peristalsis; absorption of digested food; gastrointestinal hormones; disorders of the digestive system

IB. Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Respiratory organs; human respiratory system; mechanism of breathing; respiratory volumes and capacities; exchange of gases; transport of gases; regulation of respiratory movements; disorders of the respiratory system

Unit II: Human Anatomy and Physiology-II

IIA. Body Fluids and Circulation

Lymphatic system; blood clotting; circulating pathways; human cardiovascular system; cardiac cycle; double circulation; regulation of cardiac activity; blood vessels; disorders of the circulatory system, including hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD), angina pectoris and heart failure

IIB. Excretory Products and Their Elimination

Modes of excretion: ammonotelism, ureotelism and uricotelism; excretory organs; human excretory system; structure of the kidney and nephron; urine formation; osmoregulation; regulation of kidney function through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, atrial natriuretic factor and ADH; diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in excretion; uraemia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis, glomerulonephritis and dialysis using an artificial kidney

Unit III: Human Anatomy and Physiology-III

IIIA. Musculo-Skeletal System

Types of movement; muscle structure; ultrastructure of skeletal muscle fibre; contractile proteins; mechanism of muscle contraction; muscle fatigue; Cori cycle; types of muscle fibres; skeleton; axial skeleton; appendicular skeleton; joints; structure of synovial joints; disorders including myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis and gout

IIIB. Neural Control and Coordination

Human neural system: central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous system and autonomic neural system; generation and conduction of nerve impulses; synaptic transmission; reflex action and reflex arc; sensory reception and processing; sense organs; eye and mechanism of vision; ear and mechanism of hearing; neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, meningitis, Parkinson’s disease and stroke (cerebrovascular accident)

Unit IV: Human Anatomy and Physiology-IV

IVA. Endocrine System and Chemical Coordination

Endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system, including hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas and gonads; hormones of the kidney, heart, gastrointestinal tract and liver; mechanism of hormone action; hormones as messengers and regulators; hormonal disorders caused by hyposecretion and hypersecretion, including dwarfism, acromegaly, gigantism, cretinism, goitre, exophthalmic goitre, myxoedema, tetany, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, insulin shock, Addison’s disease and Cushing’s syndrome

IVB. Immune System

Basic concepts of immunology; types of immune cells; organs of the immune system; innate and acquired immunity; active and passive immunity; humoral and cell-mediated immunity; vaccination or immunisation; immunological disorders, including HIV and AIDS, hypersensitivity disorders, autoimmune disorders and graft rejection

Unit V: Human Reproduction

VA. Human Reproductive System

Male reproductive system; female reproductive system; gametogenesis: spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation and development; implantation; gastrulation; extraembryonic membranes; placenta formation; parturition; lactation

VB. Reproductive Health

Need for reproductive health; prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs); birth control and contraception; barrier methods; intrauterine devices; oral contraceptive pills; surgical methods; medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility; assisted reproductive technology (ART), including IVF-ET, ZIFT, GIFT, ICSI, AI and surrogacy

Unit VI: Genetics

Heredity and Variation

Morgan’s experiment using Drosophila melanogaster; grey and black body colour; long and vestigial wings; pleiotropy; codominance, with blood groups as an example

Multiple Alleles and Blood Groups

Inheritance of blood groups; ABO blood types; Rh blood types; genetic control of the Rh system; erythroblastosis foetalis; polygenic inheritance

Unit VI

Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Inheritance

Heterogametic sex determination; male and female heterogamety; sex determination in humans; genic balance theory; Barr bodies; haplodiploidy in honey bees; sex linkage in Drosophila and humans; haemophilia; colour blindness; Y-linked inheritance; XY-linked inheritance

Unit VI

Mendelian and Genetic Disorders

Thalassaemia; haemophilia; sickle-cell anaemia; cystic fibrosis; PKU; alkaptonuria; Down’s syndrome; Turner’s syndrome; Klinefelter syndrome

Human Genome Project and DNA Fingerprinting

Human Genome Project; DNA fingerprinting protocol and applications

Unit VII: Organic Evolution

Origin and Evidence of Evolution

Origin of life; biological evolution; palaeontological, comparative anatomical, embryological and molecular evidence for evolution

Theories of Evolution

Lamarckism; Darwin’s theory of evolution through natural selection; industrial melanism; mutation theory; modern synthetic theory of evolution or Neo-Darwinism

Unit VII

Mechanism of Evolution and Speciation

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; evolutionary forces; types of natural selection; gene flow; genetic load; genetic drift; anagenesis; cladogenesis; allopatric speciation; sympatric speciation

Evolutionary History

A brief account of evolution; origin and evolution of humans

Unit VIII: Applied Biology

Animal Husbandry and Management

Animal husbandry; dairy farm management; poultry farm management; bee-keeping; fishery management

Biotechnology and Medicine

Biotechnological applications in medicine; vaccines; molecular diagnosis; gene therapy; transgenic animals; stem cells