JKBOSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2026-27: Unit-Wise Topics, Marks & Exam Pattern

Particulars

Details

Board

JKBOSE / Jammu and Kashmir Board

Class

12

Subject

Biology

Academic Session

2026-27

Theory Marks

70 (Botany 35 + Zoology 35)

Practicals

30

Total Marks

100

Time Allowed

3 Hours

Total Sections

2 (Botany and Zoology)

Total Units

8 (4 per section)

Biology Syllabus

Section A: Botany

Unit I: Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Sexual Reproduction

Unit II: Genetics

Heredity and variation

Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Unit III: Biology and Human Welfare

Tissue Culture

Microbes in Human Welfare

Application of Biotechnology in Agriculture

Unit IV: Ecology and Environment

Populations

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and its Conservation

Section B: Zoology

Unit I: Reproduction in Animals

Human Reproduction

Reproductive Health

Unit II: Genetics and Evolution

Sex determination

Evolution

Unit III: Biology in Human Welfare

Health and Disease

Adolescence

Unit IV: Biotechnology and its Applications

Biotechnology: Principles and Process

Application of Biotechnology

Unit

Marks

Chapter

Topics Covered

SECTION A: BOTANY

35

I. Reproduction in Flowering Plants

7

Sexual Reproduction

Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination, including types, agencies and examples; outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interactions; double fertilization; post-fertilization events, including endosperm and embryo development; seed development and fruit formation; apomixis; parthenocarpy; polyembryony; significance of seed and fruit formation

II. Genetics

9

Heredity and Variation

Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism, including incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and blood group inheritance; pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosomal theory of inheritance; chromosomes and genes

Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Search for genetic material; DNA as genetic material; structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; central dogma; protein biosynthesis, including transcription, genetic code and translation; gene expression and regulation; lac operon

III. Biology and Human Welfare

7

Tissue Culture

Cellular totipotency; technique and applications of tissue culture

Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment and energy generation through biogas; biocontrol agents; biopesticides; biofertilizers; antibiotics, including production and judicious use

Application of Biotechnology in Agriculture

Genetically modified organisms; Bt crops; biopiracy; patents

IV. Ecology and Environment

12

Populations

Population attributes and growth; population interactions, including mutualism, competition, predation and parasitism; birth rate; death rate; age distribution

Ecosystems

Patterns and components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; ecological pyramids of number, biomass and energy

Biodiversity and its Conservation

Concept; patterns; importance; loss of biodiversity; conservation; hotspots; endangered organisms; extinction; Red Data Book; biosphere reserves; national parks; wildlife sanctuaries; Ramsar sites

SECTION B: ZOOLOGY

35

I. Reproduction in Animals

11

Human Reproduction

Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis, including spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation; embryo development up to blastocyst; implantation; pregnancy; placenta formation; parturition; lactation

Reproductive Health

Need for reproductive health; prevention of STDs; birth control; contraception; MTP; amniocentesis; infertility; assisted reproductive technologies, including IVF, ZIFT and GIFT

II. Genetics and Evolution

12

Sex Determination

Sex determination in humans, birds and honey bees; linkage and crossing over; sex-linked inheritance, including haemophilia and colour blindness; Mendelian disorders such as thalassemia; chromosomal disorders, including Down's, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes; genome; Human Genome Project; DNA fingerprinting

Evolution

Origin of life; evidence for biological evolution; Darwin's contribution; modern synthetic theory; variation through mutation and recombination; natural selection with examples and types; gene flow; genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution

III. Biology in Human Welfare

7

Health and Disease

Basic immunology; vaccines; pathogens; parasites causing hepatitis, malaria, dengue, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis and ringworm, along with their control; cancer; HIV and AIDS

Adolescence

Drug and alcohol abuse

IV. Biotechnology and its Applications

5

Biotechnology: Principles and Process

Principles and processes; genetic engineering; recombinant DNA technology

Application of Biotechnology

Human insulin and vaccine production; stem cell technology; gene therapy; transgenic animals; biosafety issues

70

Total theory marks

Section

Question Type

Botany Qs

Zoology Qs

Total Qs

Marks Each

Total Marks

Section A

Objective/MCQ

5

5

10

1

10

Section B

Very Short Answer (20 to 30 words)

5

5

10

2

20

Section C

Short Answer (100 to 150 words)

5

5

10

3

30

Section D

Long Answer with Internal Choice (150 to 200 words)

1

1

2

5

10

Total

16

16

32 Questions

70