Anatomy and Physiology Important Questions for Nursing Exams

Anatomy and Physiology Important Questions for Nursing Exams: Preparing for the BSc Nursing first-semester nursing examination requires a clear understanding of both Anatomy and Physiology. These subjects form the base of nursing education. Most questions in the exam are repeated every year with small variations. 

Students who focus on Anatomy and Physiology important questions for Nursing exams can manage their preparation in a structured way.

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology are core subjects in medical and nursing education. Anatomy focuses on the structure of the human body, while Physiology explains how these structures function. Most exam papers repeat questions from standard topics. Understanding these repeated areas helps students prepare effectively and score well.

Anatomy and Physiology Important Concepts

By studying Anatomy and Physiology Important Questions, students can focus their efforts on high-yield topics. Here are the important questions of Anatomy and Physiology:

Gross Anatomy of the Heart

The heart is a muscular pump located in the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity. It supports two circuits: Pulmonary (lungs) and Systemic (body).

Location, Size, and Weight

• Located in the thoracic cavity within the mediastinum

• Positioned slightly towards the left side

• Size is similar to a clenched fist

• The weight is about 250 grams in females and 300 grams in males

Layers of the Heart Wall

• Endocardium: Inner lining of chambers and valves

• Myocardium: Thick muscular middle layer responsible for contraction

• Pericardium: Outer protective covering

Chambers of the Heart

• Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from SVC and IVC

• Right Ventricle: Pumps blood to the lungs

• Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins

• Left Ventricle: Pumps blood to the body through the aorta

Valves of the Heart

• Tricuspid Valve: Right atrium to right ventricle

• Mitral Valve: Left atrium to left ventricle

• Pulmonary Valve: Right ventricle to pulmonary artery

• Aortic Valve: Left ventricle to aorta

Blood Supply of the Heart

• Supplied by the coronary arteries arising from the ascending aorta

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

The respiratory system helps in breathing and gas exchange.

Upper Respiratory Tract

• Nasal cavity

• Pharynx

• Larynx

Lower Respiratory Tract

• Trachea

• Bronchi

• Bronchioles

• Alveoli

Lungs

• The right lung has three lobes

• The left lung has two lobes

• Covered by the pleura

• The main function is oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

Labeled Diagram of the Eyeball

Commonly asked for five marks. Important parts:

• Cornea

• Iris

• Pupil

• Lens

• Retina

• Sclera

• Optic nerve

• Aqueous humor

• Vitreous humor

Structure of the Cell

A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life. Key components:

• Plasma membrane

• Cytoplasm

• Nucleus and nucleolus

• Mitochondria

• Ribosomes

• Endoplasmic reticulum

• Golgi apparatus

• Lysosomes

This topic is part of Anatomy and Physiology Important Questions due to its regular appearance in exams.

Cranial Nerves (Any Five)

• Olfactory nerve – Smell

• Optic nerve – Vision

• Oculomotor nerve – Eye movement

• Facial nerve – Facial expression and taste

• Vagus nerve – Heart rate and digestion

Accessory Organs of Digestion

Accessory organs assist digestion by producing secretions.

• Salivary glands: Secrete saliva

• Liver: Produces bile

• Gallbladder: Stores bile

• Pancreas: Secretes digestive enzymes and hormones

Tissues: Definition and Types

A tissue is a group of similar cells performing a common function.

Types of tissues:

• Epithelial

• Connective

• Muscular

• Nervous

Oxygen Transport from Lungs to Tissues

This topic explains how oxygen reaches body cells and is used for energy production.

• Oxygen enters alveoli during inhalation

• Diffuses into blood

• Binds with hemoglobin

• Transported to tissues

• Used for cellular respiration

This process is central to Anatomy and Physiology Important Questions in Physiology.

The Cardiac Cycle

The cardiac cycle describes events during one heartbeat. The cardiac cycle includes two phases:

Ventricular Diastole

• Ventricles relax

• Blood fills ventricles

Ventricular Systole

• Ventricles contract

• Blood is pumped into the arteries

Blood Groups and Rh Factor

Blood grouping is an important topic related to transfusion safety.

• Universal Donor: O Negative (O-) - contains no antigens.

• Universal Recipient: AB Positive (AB+) - contains no antibodies.

• Rh Factor: Presence (+) or absence (-) of the D antigen.

Functions of the Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland plays a major role in body metabolism. Short notes on this topic are commonly asked.

• Regulates metabolism

• Controls growth and development

• Affects heart rate

• Supports brain development

• Regulates body temperature

Functions of White Blood Cells

White blood cells protect the body from infections. They are a key part of the immune system.

• Fight infection

• Perform phagocytosis

• Produce antibodies

• Develop immune memory

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Lung volumes measure the amount of air moved during breathing. This topic is frequently asked in short answers.

• Tidal volume

• Inspiratory reserve volume

• Expiratory reserve volume

• Vital capacity

Functions of the Cell Membrane

The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell. It is a short and scoring topic in exams.

• Protects the cell

• Controls substance movement

• Maintains internal balance

Anatomy and Physiology Questions with Answers

Below, we’ve mentioned important anatomy and physiology questions along with their answers, helping students revise key topics efficiently for assessments and competitive examinations.

1. The heart is located in the:

A. Abdominal cavity
B. Thoracic cavity
C. Pelvic cavity
D. Cranial cavity

Answer: B. Thoracic cavity

2. The heart is positioned slightly towards the:

A. Right side
B. Left side
C. Center
D. Posterior side

Answer: B. Left side

3. The size of the human heart is approximately equal to:

A. An open palm
B. A clenched fist
C. A tennis ball
D. A cricket ball

Answer: B. A clenched fist

4. Which layer of the heart is responsible for contraction?

A. Endocardium
B. Pericardium
C. Myocardium
D. Epicardium

Answer: C. Myocardium

5. Which chamber receives deoxygenated blood from the SVC and IVC?

A. Right ventricle
B. Left atrium
C. Right atrium
D. Left ventricle

Answer: C. Right atrium

6. The valve present between the right atrium and right ventricle is:

A. Mitral valve
B. Aortic valve
C. Pulmonary valve
D. Tricuspid valve

Answer: D. Tricuspid valve

7. Oxygenated blood is pumped to the body through the:

A. Pulmonary artery
B. Pulmonary vein
C. Aorta
D. Vena cava

Answer: C. Aorta

8. Blood supply to the heart is provided by:

A. Pulmonary arteries
B. Carotid arteries
C. Coronary arteries
D. Subclavian arteries

Answer: C. Coronary arteries

9. Which structure is part of the upper respiratory tract?

A. Trachea
B. Bronchi
C. Alveoli
D. Nasal cavity

Answer: D. Nasal cavity

10. Gas exchange occurs in the:

A. Bronchi
B. Trachea
C. Alveoli
D. Larynx

Answer: C. Alveoli

11. The right lung has:

A. Two lobes
B. Three lobes
C. Four lobes
D. Five lobes

Answer: B. Three lobes

12. The eyeball is covered externally by the:

A. Retina
B. Cornea
C. Sclera
D. Lens

Answer: C. Sclera

13. The part of the eye that controls the amount of light entering is the:

A. Retina
B. Iris
C. Lens
D. Optic nerve

Answer: B. Iris

14. The basic structural and functional unit of life is the:

A. Tissue
B. Organ
C. Cell
D. System

Answer: C. Cell

15. Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?

A. Ribosome
B. Lysosome
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Mitochondria

Answer: D. Mitochondria

16. Which cranial nerve is responsible for smell?

A. Optic nerve
B. Facial nerve
C. Olfactory nerve
D. Vagus nerve

Answer: C. Olfactory nerve

17. Which accessory organ produces bile?

A. Pancreas
B. Gallbladder
C. Liver
D. Salivary gland

Answer: C. Liver

18. Oxygen is transported in blood mainly by:

A. Plasma
B. White blood cells
C. Platelets
D. Hemoglobin

Answer: D. Hemoglobin

19. The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle is called:

A. Systole
B. Diastole
C. Tachycardia
D. Bradycardia

Answer: B. Diastole

20. The universal donor blood group is:

A. A Positive
B. B Negative
C. AB Positive
D. O Negative

Answer: D. O Negative

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