RRB Group D Science Human Disease by Arti Mam

RRB Group D Science Human Disease deals with conditions that affect the normal functioning of the human body. These diseases can be caused by genetic factors, infections, lifestyle habits, or environmental influences. 

Some are present from birth (congenital), while others are acquired later due to bacteria, viruses, or other external agents. Understanding the causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of common diseases such as AIDS, tuberculosis, tetanus, and eye problems like myopia and hypermetropia is essential for maintaining health and for success in competitive exams like RRB Group D Science.

RRB Group D Science Human Disease

Human diseases are conditions that affect the normal functioning of the body and can arise from a variety of causes, including genetic factors, infections, lifestyle choices, and environmental influences. Some diseases are inherited from birth, while others are acquired after birth due to bacteria, viruses, or other external factors. 

Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatments of common diseases such as AIDS, tuberculosis, tetanus, and eye defects like myopia and hypermetropia is essential for maintaining health and preparing for competitive exams like RRB Group D. This provides a concise overview of different types of human diseases, their prevention, and the role of antibiotics in treating bacterial infections.

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Human Disease Introduction

Human diseases are diverse conditions that affect health, originating from various factors beyond just diet. These include genetic predispositions, infectious agents, and environmental influences. This guide explores the fundamental classification of diseases, delving into specific conditions such as AIDS, significant bacterial infections, and common eye defects. Understanding these concepts is essential for competitive exams and general awareness.

Classification of Human Diseases

Human diseases are broadly classified into two main types:

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

AIDS is a severe disease caused by the HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). HIV is the virus, while AIDS is the disease it causes.

• Full Form of AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.

• Full Form of HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Mechanism of Action:

The HIV virus directly attacks the White Blood Cells (WBCs) in the body, which are vital for immunity. The virus causes an immune system deficiency by consuming these WBCs, which are already present in relatively low numbers. The virus's RNA structure mimics the body's own cellular RNA, making it difficult for the body to recognize and fight it. It replicates by integrating with the host cell's machinery, which is why finding a cure for AIDS is challenging.

Composition of the AIDS Virus (HIV):

The HIV virus is composed of RNA + Protein.

Diagnostic Test:

The primary test to detect an HIV infection is the ELISA test.

• Full Form of ELISA: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.

Treatment:

There is no definitive cure for AIDS. However, specific drugs can prolong an infected individual's life. The most commonly used drug salt is AZT (Azidothymidine), also known as Zidovudine. 

Virus Family:

The HIV virus belongs to the Retrovirus family. The disease's severity and progression can vary based on the specific strain of HIV.

Bacterial Diseases

A significant number of important diseases are caused by bacteria. To remember the major bacterial diseases, use the mnemonic: "Pandit ka Tika New hai par GST hai." (The letters 'par' and the second 'hai' are silent and for sentence construction only).

Eye Defects: Myopia and Hypermetropia

Some people have trouble seeing clearly due to defects in the eye’s focusing ability. The two common eye defects are Myopia (near-sightedness) and Hypermetropia (farsightedness).

1. Myopia (Near-Sightedness)

• Symptom: Can see nearby objects clearly, but distant objects appear blurry

• Cause: The image of distant objects forms in front of the retina instead of on it.

• Correction: Use a concave lens, which diverges light rays so they focus correctly on the retina.

2. Hypermetropia (Far-Sightedness)

• Symptom: Can see distant objects clearly, but nearby objects appear blurry.

• Cause: The image of nearby objects forms behind the retina instead of on it.

• Correction: Use a convex lens, which converges light rays to focus properly on the retina.

Common Misconceptions about Pneumonia

Many people wrongly think that cold weather causes pneumonia. In reality, it is a bacterial infection, and understanding the facts helps in prevention and proper treatment.

• Pneumonia is not caused by cold weather.

• It is a bacterial infection, caused by germs like Streptococcus pneumoniae or Diplococcus pneumoniae.

• Cold weather may slightly lower immunity, making it easier for bacteria to multiply, but it is not the cause.

• The disease is more serious in children, elderly, and people with weak immune systems.

• Prevention and treatment involve good hygiene, timely vaccination, and proper medical care.

Tetanus

Tetanus is a serious bacterial disease that affects the nervous system and can be life-threatening if not treated on time. It often enters the body through cuts or wounds, especially from rusty or contaminated objects.

• Cause: Bacterium Clostridium tetani.

• Transmission: Through open wounds, cuts, or injuries contaminated with soil, dust, or rust.

• Common Name: Lockjaw, because it can make the jaw muscles stiff and difficult to open.

• Symptoms: Muscle stiffness, difficulty swallowing, spasms, and in severe cases, breathing problems.

• Prevention: Tetanus vaccination is crucial, especially after deep or dirty wounds.

• Treatment: Immediate medical attention with antitoxins, antibiotics, and supportive care is required.