Physical Features of India: Classification, Characteristics, Importance

Physical Features of India: India is a land of great diversity. We have many kinds of landforms, ranging from the snowy mountains in the north to the sunny beaches in the south. These landforms are called the physical features of India. They shape India’s climate, agriculture, culture, and even the way people live.  

The physical features of India make our country unique. They influence our weather, economy, and culture. For students, learning about these features builds a strong foundation in geography and helps them answer questions in Prelims and Mains.

Physical Features of India Overview

The geographic features of India UPSC can be better understood by comparing its location, main characteristics, and significance. Each division has unique qualities that support life, economy, and culture in different ways. The table below provides a clear comparison of all six major physical divisions of India.

Classification of Physical Features of India

India’s surface can be divided into six major physical divisions. Each has unique characteristics that influence life, economy, and climate. These divisions together form the physical geography of India. The six physical features of India are as follows:

1. The Himalayan Mountains

2. The Northern Plains

3. The Peninsular Plateau

4. The Indian Desert (Thar Desert)

5. The Coastal Plains

6. The Islands

The Himalayan Mountains

The Himalayas are the youngest and highest mountains in the world. They stretch across the northern boundary of India like a huge wall. The word “Himalaya” means “abode of snow.”

1. The Himalayas were formed millions of years ago when the Indian Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate. They are still rising slowly due to tectonic activity.

2. The Himalayas can be divided into three parallel ranges:

• Greater Himalayas (Himadri): Tallest range with peaks like Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga. It has glaciers that feed many rivers.

• Lesser Himalayas (Himachal): Famous for valleys and hill stations like Shimla, Nainital, and Mussoorie.

• Shiwalik Range: The outermost range, covered with forests and foothills.

The Peninsular Plateau

The Peninsular Plateau is the oldest landform of India. It covers the southern part of the country and is triangular in shape. 

1. It is primarily composed of hard rocks and has uneven land. It is rich in minerals like coal, iron, and manganese.

2. The Peninsular Plateau is categorized into 2 divisions, namely:

• Central Highlands: Lies north of the Narmada River, includes Malwa Plateau and Chotanagpur Plateau.

• Deccan Plateau: Spreads south of the Narmada. It has black soil useful for growing cotton

3. Rivers flowing in the Peninsular Plateau include the following:

• West-flowing rivers: Narmada, Tapi.

• East-flowing rivers: Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri.

Indian Desert

The Thar Desert lies in Rajasthan, near the border with Pakistan. It is also called the Great Indian Desert. It is a very hot and dry region with very little rainfall. The day temperatures are very high, and nights are cool.

• The region is covered with sand dunes. Vegetation found here is scarce, mostly cactus and horny bushes.

• The region is known for its camel rides and desert fairs. Wind and solar energy plants are also being developed here to help India realize its renewable development goals.

• Tourism activities in places like Jaisalmer attract visitors from across the world.

Coastal Plains of India

India has a long coastline, stretching over 7,500 kilometres. The land near the sea is called the Coastal Plains. They are divided into Eastern Coastal Plains and Western Coastal Plains.

• Western Coastal Plains: It lies in the region between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. It is a very narrow region divided into the Konkan coast, Kannad coast, and Malabar Coast.

• Eastern Coastal Plains: It lies between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal. The Plains are wide and flat, and are divided into Northern Circars and the Coromandel Coast.

• The coastal plains are famous for ports like Mumbai, Chennai, and Kochi. Fertile deltas found here, like Godavari and Krishna, support agricultural activities.

Islands of India

India has two groups of islands, adding beauty and diversity to its geography. These are the Andaman & Nicobar Islands, and the Lakshadweep Islands:

• Andaman & Nicobar Islands: It is located in the Bay of Bengal and is volcanic in origin, with tropical rainforests. The islands are rich in biodiversity and home to several indigenous tribes. It is also strategically important for the Indian defense in the vast sea.

• Lakshadweep Islands: These islands are located in the Arabian Sea and are made up of corals, reefs, and lagoons. The Lakshadweep islands are renowned for coconut plantations and are also a popular tourist destination.

Physical Features of India UPSC Notes

The physical features of India are an important topic included in Geography for both UPSC Prelims and Mains.  It helps UPSC aspirants understand the location and spread of the country. Students should carefully study maps to connect the physical features with states and regions.

• Climate: The Himalayas block cold winds, while coastal areas enjoy a moderate climate.

• Agriculture: Northern Plains grow food crops; Plateau regions grow cotton and millets.

• Resources: Plateau provides minerals, coasts provide fisheries, and the Himalayas provide forests.

• Tourism: From mountains to deserts and beaches, India’s geography attracts travelers.

• Defense: The Himalayas and oceans act as natural protectors.