West Bengal Board Class 12 Geography Syllabus 2026-27

Unit

Chapter/Topic

Unit Content 

Unit 1

Geotectonic

Continental Drift Theory according to Alfred Wegener; sea floor spreading; plate tectonics and associated landforms

Unit 2

Geomorphic Processes

Exogenic processes, mass wasting, glacial landforms, karst landforms, fluvial landforms, coastal landforms, aeolian landforms and landforms associated with the combined work of exogenic processes

Unit 3

Cycle of Erosion

Role of W. M. Davis, Davis's concept of landform evolution and rejuvenation

Unit 4

Climate and Atmosphere

Water in the atmosphere; formation and types of condensation; formation and types of precipitation; weather systems and atmospheric disturbances; Köppen's climatic classification; climate change

Unit 5

Hydrosphere

Characteristics of the ocean floor; ocean temperature and salinity; ocean minerals, food and power; ocean deposits; movement of ocean currents and associated environmental effects

Unit 6

Biosphere

Nature, concept and types of ecosystems; trophic levels; food chains and food webs; definition, types and significance of biodiversity; factors responsible for biodiversity depletion; biodiversity conservation strategies and programmes

Unit

Chapter/Topic

Unit Content 

Unit 1

Population and Population Geography

Concept of demography; worldwide population distribution and density; determinants and measures of population growth, including birth rate, death rate and migration; impact of migration on global demographic changes; Malthusian theory of population growth; optimum, underpopulation and overpopulation; Demographic Transition Model; population control measures and population policy

Unit 2

Settlement

Classification, types and patterns of settlements; factors determining rural settlement types; functional classification of urban settlements; problems of rural and urban settlements

Unit 3

Human Development

Concept, definition and measurement of human development; Human Development Index; Human Poverty Index; welfare approach; Amartya Sen's Capability Approach

Unit

Chapter/Topic

Unit Content 

Unit 1

Population of India

Distribution, density, growth and composition of India's population

Unit 2

Water Resources

Water conservation and management; watershed management; rainwater harvesting; nature and types of irrigation systems; sustainable use of water resources

Unit 3

Mineral and Energy Resources

Types, distribution and uses of iron ore, manganese, bauxite, copper and mica; conventional energy resources, including coal, petroleum, natural gas and nuclear energy; non-conventional energy resources, including solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and OTEC energy

Unit 4

Agriculture

Importance of agriculture in the Indian economy; crop calendar, crop rotation, crop combination and cropping intensity; Green, White and Blue Revolutions in India; production-wise distribution of jute, cotton, sugarcane and tea

Unit 5

Transport and Communication

Importance of different modes of transport; types and importance of personal and mass communication systems

Unit 6

Trade and Economy

Concept, classification, bases and importance of trade and economy

Unit 7

Indian Industries

Agro-based food processing; sea-based commercial marine fishing; forest-based paper industry; mineral-based industries, including iron and steel and petrochemicals; automobile manufacturing; information and communication technology

Unit 8

Human Settlement and Development in India

Types of human settlements in India; land resources and agricultural planning; sustainable development in the Indian context

Unit 9

Geographical Perspectives on Selected Issues and Problems

Water pollution in the Ganga Basin; air pollution in Kolkata and the National Capital Region; arsenic pollution in southern West Bengal; human-wildlife conflict in the Dooars and Sundarbans; land degradation in Jangalmahal. Causes, consequences and management of each issue