Body Fluids And Circulation

Body Fluids And Circulation

May 26, 2023, 16:45 IST

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The topic “Body Fluids And Circulation” will be covered in this article. Animal body fluids include blood, lymph, tissue fluid, urine, bile, and other fluids. There are two forms of bodily fluid circulation: intracellular and extracellular. Unicellular species like Paramecium, Amoeba, and others engage in intracellular circulation through cyclosis. Extracellular fluid circulates within the body outside of cells as a means of material transportation.

This article will discuss the body fluids, types and functions of body fluids, circulation, types and mechanisms of circulation.

Introduction

Animals' fluid spaces are made up of both intracellular and extracellular components. Body cells and blood cells, when present, are included in the intracellular component. Tissue fluid, colloid fluid, and blood plasma are included in the extracellular component. Water produced from the environment is always the main component. Homeostasis controls the fluid's composition more or less precisely, depending on where it comes from.

The blood artery walls frequently act as a physical barrier between blood and coelomic fluid; however, where a hemocoel (a cavity in the body that contains blood) is present, blood, not coelomic fluid, fills the space. Blood's makeup can range from being little more than the dissolved gases and nutrients found in the environment to the highly complex tissue seen in animals that contains numerous cells of various sorts.

Blood plasma that has left blood arteries and traveled across tissues makes up the majority of lymph. When it returns to the bloodstream via a network of vessels separate from the blood vessels and the coelomic space, it is often seen as having a separate identity. Coelomic fluid can circulate inside the body. Because of body and organ motions, this circulation seems to be random in the majority of cases. However, in some phyla, the coelomic fluid, circulated by ciliary tracts, plays a more significant role in internal distribution.

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Body Fluids

Fluids present inside the human body are called bodily fluids, biofluids, or simply body fluids. Total body water makes up roughly 60% (60–67%) of the weight of lean, healthy adult men; it is often slightly lower in women (52–55%). Inversely correlated with body fat % is the precise proportion of fluid to body weight. For instance, a slim 70 kg (160 lb) man has roughly 42 (42-47) liters of water in his body.

The phrase "body fluid" is most frequently used concerning health and medicine. Body fluids are considered potentially dirty by contemporary medical, public health, and personal hygiene standards. This is because they could act as carriers of contagious illnesses such as blood- or sexually borne infections. Simple safety measures and safer sex procedures aim to prevent the exchange of bodily fluids. In a medical laboratory, body fluids can be examined for microorganisms, inflammation, malignancies, etc.

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Types of Body Fluids

Blood

• Plasma

Blood's liquid portion is called plasma. The remaining blood volume, which is made up of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets, comprises other blood components and a thick fluid that makes up 55% of the total blood volume. In plasma, 91% of the total volume is made up of water, with the remaining components including dissolved ions, suspended proteins, dissolved gases, nutrition molecules, and waste products.

• Red Blood Cells

Red Blood Cells (RBCs), also known as red cells, red blood corpuscles (in humans or other animals without red blood cells with a nucleus), haematids, erythroid cells, or erythrocytes (from the Greek erythrose for "red" and kytos for "hollow vessel," with the suffix -cyte translating as "cell" in modern usage), are the most prevalent type of blood cell. The vertebrate's RBCs absorb oxygen from the lungs or fish's gills before releasing it into the tissues and passing through the body's capillaries.

• White Blood Cells

The immune system's white blood cells, also known as leukocytes or leucocytes, are responsible for defending the body against infectious diseases and foreign invaders. All white blood cells are created and developed from hematopoietic stem cells, multipotent cells found in the bone marrow. The lymphatic and circulatory systems of the body both include leukocytes.

All white blood cells have nuclei, which sets them apart from platelets, anucleated red blood cells (RBCs), and other blood cells. The various white blood cells are often categorized according to cell lineage (myeloid or lymphoid cells).

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Types of White Blood Cells are

1. Neutrophils : The most well-known type of granulocyte is the neutrophil, which attacks microscopic organisms. Each neutrophil cell can ingest up to 20 microbes during its existence.
2. Eosinophils : These granulocytes are present in almost all safe reactions, but sensitivities stand out. In any case, they also protect against parasites.
3. Basophils : These granulocytes are primarily responsible for combating adversely sensitive reactions. They expel receptors (which helps allergies leave your body) and thinner heparin from the blood (which forestalls thickening).
4. Monocytes : One type of agranulocyte is the monocyte. They develop from monoblasts in the bone marrow. Hematopoietic undifferentiated cells produce monoblasts.
5. Lymphocyte : Another type of agranulocyte is lymphocyte. They are also linked to fighting particular illnesses and the body's harmful cells.

• Platelets

With the help of the coagulation factors, platelets, also known as thrombocytes (from the Greek words for "clot" and "cell"), react to bleeding from blood vessel damage by clumping together and starting a blood clot. Megakaryocytes from the bone marrow or lung produce platelets and cytoplasmic fragments with no cell nucleus and enter the bloodstream. Only mammals have platelets; in other vertebrates (such as birds and amphibians), thrombocytes circulate as whole mononuclear cells.

• Lymph

A colorless fluid called lymph is found in the interstitial tissues. It moves around the entire lymphatic system. It can be characterized as blood devoid of RBCs. Through this fluid, nutrients, hormones, and gases are exchanged. It is made up of lymphocytes, crucial to the body's immune reactions.

Lymph undergoes ongoing compositional change because it is produced from interstitial fluid, with which blood and neighboring cells constantly exchange chemicals. It resembles blood plasma, the fluid part of blood, in most ways. Proteins and extra interstitial fluid are returned to the circulation by lymph. By way of chylomicrons, lymph also carries lipids from the gastrointestinal tract to the blood. This process starts in the lacteals.

Functions of Body Fluids

Body fluids serve several essential purposes, including

• Body fluids facilitate the removal of waste from the body and the movement of oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.
• They support the control of body temperature.
• They keep the body's metabolism running smoothly.

Coagulation of Blood

Another crucial component of body fluids and circulation is blood coagulation. The blood displays coagulation or clotting as a defense mechanism against excessive blood loss. Let's investigate it further.

• This is a reaction to trauma or damage.
• A clot or coagulum is created at the site of the injury from a web of fibrils.
• Inactive fibrinogens are changed into fibers by the enzyme thrombin.
• Prothrombins are found in plasma in the form of thrombins.
• The aforementioned reaction needs an enzyme complex called thrombokinase.
• The culmination of several enzymatic processes is this complex.

Circulation

In anatomy and physiology, circulation is the constant flow of blood through the body that is fueled by the heart's pumping action. Blood flow is essential for ensuring that oxygen-rich blood reaches tissues and that oxygen-poor blood is carried away from tissues and back to the lungs because it connects the body's sites for oxygen intake and utilization. The heart's output, which in turn responds to the overall needs of the body, controls how quickly blood circulates.

Functions of Circulation

The blood carries nutrients, waste products, gases, and other substances. Circulation is the word for this procedure. The circulatory system in humans performs the following tasks:

• The movement of breathing gases.
• The delivery of nutrients to cells.
• The delivery of hormones by endocrine glands to the appropriate organs.
• The elimination of pathogens.
• Transportation of metabolic waste for elimination to the excretory organs.

Types of Circulatory Systems

The circulatory system has two types:

• Open Circulatory system:

Instead of being firmly confined in arteries and veins, open circulatory systems allow blood to penetrate the body and may even be exposed to the environment in areas like the digestive tract.

In open circulatory systems, hemolymph is used in place of blood.The tasks of blood, lymph, and intestinal fluid—three different, highly specialized fluids in animals with closed circulatory systems—are carried out by this "hemolymph."

• Closed Circulatory system:

The blood is contained within blood vessels in a closed circulatory system. In this approach, blood is maintained apart from bodily tissues. Through a pumping motion, the system's heart continually circulates blood. The blood is consequently frequently pumped under greater pressure.

The body cavities of species with closed circulatory systems do not fill with blood. Many animals, including humans, have a secondary system called the lymphatic system and a circulatory system known as the cardiovascular system. As an illustration of an animal with a closed circulatory system versus an open circulatory system, compare an elephant to a grasshopper.

Disorder of Circulatory System

• Hypertension (high blood pressure): The systolic, or pumping, pressure is 120 mm Hg, while the diastolic, or resting, pressure is 80 mm Hg. It causes heart disease and impacts crucial organs like the kidney and brain.
• Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), also known as atherosclerosis, is a condition where fat, calcium, and cholesterol is deposited in the arteries, narrowing their lumen and affecting the blood channels that provide blood to the heart muscles.
• Angina : Acute chest pain from angina, commonly known as angina pectoris, is caused by the heart muscles not receiving enough oxygen. Both elderly males and females may develop it. Due to reduced blood flow, it happens.
• Heart failure: The blood the heart pumps is insufficient to supply the body's needs. Because lung congestion is one of its causes, it is often referred to as congestive heart failure. Heart attack, in which the heart muscle is injured by insufficient blood supply, and cardiac arrest is not the same as heart failure ( when the heart stops beating).
• Coronary Thrombosis: Coronary thrombosis is the development of a clot in the coronary artery. In the left anterior descending coronary artery, it happens most commonly.

Mechanism of Circulation

The key organ involved in blood circulation is the heart. Two upper chambers, or atria or auricles, and two bottom chambers, known as ventricles, make up the human heart.

While veins transport deoxygenated blood from various body areas to the heart for purification, arteries transport oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. One exception is the pulmonary artery and veins. Deoxygenated blood is transported from the heart by the pulmonary artery, while oxygenated blood is sent to the heart by the pulmonary vein.

A tricuspid valve separates the right auricle from the right ventricle, whereas a bicuspid or mitral valve separates the left auricle from the left ventricle. Blood cannot return to the auricles because of these valves.

Cardiac Cycle

The joint diastole, or the initial phase of the cycle, is characterized by the relaxation of all four chambers. This is how it works:

• The blood enters the left and right ventricles as the bicuspid and tricuspid valves open.
• The semilunar valves are now closed.
• Both atria are constrained by action potential produced by the SA node.
• The AV node receives the action potential after that.
• The valves are shut to stop blood from flowing backward.
• The cycle is repeated once again when the pressure inside the ventricles drops.

Double Circulation

• Pulmonary Circulation: Deoxygenated blood is taken in by the pulmonary artery, which then carries it to the lungs. The pulmonary vein transports oxygenated blood to the left atrium from the lungs. This pathway is known as pulmonary circulation. Blood in the pulmonary artery is hypoxic, while blood in the pulmonary vein is oxygenated.
• Systemic Circulation: Oxygenated blood travels to the aorta from the left ventricle. Aorta, arteries, arterioles, and capillaries are then used to carry oxygenated blood to different tissues. The right atrium receives the body's deoxygenated blood via a network of veins, venules, and vena cava.
• Hepatic Portal System: The liver and digestive tract are connected via the hepatic portal system. Intestinal blood is collected by the hepatic portal vein, transported to the liver, and circulated throughout the body.

Key Points of Body Fluids and Circulation

• The closed and open circulatory systems are the two main types of circulatory systems found in living things.
• Blood is a vital bodily fluid that aids in maintaining a healthy body temperature, transporting gases, collecting waste, and defending against disease.
• The heart's wave of contraction moves from the S.A. node to the A.V. node, then to the bundle of HIS, and ultimately to the Purkinje fibers.
• The pulmonary veins extract blood from the heart and give it to the aorta for distribution throughout the body. In contrast, the superior and inferior vena cava collect blood from every body area and bring it to the heart.
• Blood pressure should be 120/75 mm Hg in a healthy person, though it may be 5 mm Hg higher or lower depending on the individual. A sphygmomanometer is a device that measures a person's blood pressure.
• Immunity is the mechanism through which the body defends itself against hazardous chemicals. Any problems with this system result in illnesses like AIDS (caused by HIV) and SCID (an immunodeficiency disorder).

Body Fluids And Circulation: FAQs

Q1. How many different kinds of bodily fluids exist?

Ans. Body fluid is the general term for any liquid produced by a living thing. These bodily fluids may be intracellular or extracellular. Lymph, intravascular, transcellular, and interstitial fluid are all examples of extracellular fluid, defined as the bodily fluid that is present outside of cells.

Q2. What function does double circulation serve?

Ans. The circulatory path is the route that blood travels as it passes through various human tissues and organs to deliver nutrients and oxygen to them. It is known as twofold circulation because, in humans, the blood returns to the heart twice before completing one cycle. A vital and effective method of blood circulation is double circulation. Preventing oxygen-rich blood from mixing with deoxygenated blood ensures healthy blood circulation throughout the body.

Q3. What parts of the circulatory system are there?

Ans. The heart, lungs, veins, arteries, portal vessels, and coronary are among its main constituents. The heart, blood arteries, and blood are these components' main subcomponents if they are to be generically categorized. The major organ of the circulatory system that pumps blood to various bodily areas is referred to as the heart. Arteries, veins, and capillaries are the three types of blood vessels that make up the circulatory system.

Q4. What varieties of circulatory systems are there for moving bodily fluids around?

Ans. The open circulatory system and the closed circulatory system are the two main classifications of the circulatory systems of living things. The term "open circulatory system" refers to the style of circulation used by higher invertebrates like prawns and insects, where the blood travels via cavities, sinuses, and wide open areas. The open circulatory system has external blood pressure during circulation.

Q5. What makes up bodily fluids, and why is it vital for them to circulate?

Ans. Extracellular body fluids, intracellular body fluids, and transcellular fluids are the three main body fluids in the human body. Cations and anions comprise the extracellular body fluids, whilst water makes up 70% of the intracellular fluids, and the remaining components are ions and molecules. Electrolytes comprise the transcellular bodily fluid, including sodium, chlorides, and bicarbonates.