CFA Level 1 Basics of Economics: GDP vs GNP, Trade, FX & Currency Effects

Economics at the CFA Level 1 builds the foundation for understanding how economies function, grow, and interact globally. The “Basics of Economics” introduces key ideas like national income, trade, and currency systems that explain how countries measure performance and engage in global markets.

In Basics of Economics, we will discuss international Trade, which connects GDP vs GNP, comparative advantage, Balance of Payments, and foreign exchange markets into one framework. 

It explains how trade flows are created, how currencies are valued, and how policies impact economic stability through concepts like the Marshall-Lerner condition and the J-Curve effect. Together, these concepts help us understand how global economies interact, adjust to shocks, and maintain equilibrium in international trade and finance.

These concepts help learners understand real-world economic behaviour and form the backbone for advanced CFA Level 1 macroeconomics topics. 

Introduction to International Trade

International trade forms the foundation of global economics by allowing countries to exchange goods, services, and capital efficiently across borders.

• Importance of trade in economic growth

• Role in specialization and efficiency

• Impact on global financial systems

GDP vs GNP – Measuring National Income

GDP and GNP are key indicators used to measure economic output and national income in different ways.

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

GDP measures total production within a country’s geographical boundaries.

• Location-based measurement

• Includes foreign companies operating domestically

• Focuses on production inside borders

GNP (Gross National Product)

GNP measures income earned by a country’s citizens worldwide.

• Citizenship-based measurement

• Includes income from abroad

• Excludes foreign production inside the country

Formula:

GNP = GDP + Net Factor Income from Abroad

Open Economy vs Closed Economy

Economies are classified based on whether they participate in international trade or remain self-contained.

Closed Economy

A closed economy does not engage in international trade or financial exchange.

• No imports or exports

• Limited economic growth

• Restricted resource access

Open Economy

An open economy actively participates in global trade and financial flows.

• Access to global markets

• Foreign investment inflows

• Better resource utilization

Comparative Advantage and Gains from Trade

Comparative advantage explains why countries benefit from specializing and trading even if one is more efficient overall.

Absolute Advantage

Ability to produce more output with the same resources compared to others.

Comparative Advantage

Ability to produce at a lower opportunity cost than others.

• Encourages specialization

• Increases global efficiency

• Leads to mutual gains from trade

Models of International Trade

Trade models explain the theoretical basis of how countries decide what to export and import.

Ricardian Model

Trade is driven by differences in technology and labor productivity.

• Single factor: labor

• Focus on efficiency differences

Heckscher-Ohlin Model

Trade is driven by factor endowments like labor and capital.

• Multiple factors of production

• Countries export based on abundance

Balance of Payments (BOP)

The Balance of Payments (BOP) is an accounting statement that records all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a specific period of time.

Current Account

• The Current Account records the flow of goods and services, along with income earned and unilateral transfers between residents and the rest of the world.

Capital Account

• The Capital Account records capital transfers such as debt forgiveness and transactions related to non-financial, non-produced assets like patents and copyrights.

Financial Account

• The Financial Account records cross-border investment flows, including Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Foreign Institutional Investment (FII), and changes in official foreign exchange reserves.

 Accounting Identity

• The overall BOP must balance, which is represented by the identity:
  Current Account + Capital Account + Financial Account ≈ 0

• This identity ensures that any surplus or deficit in one account is offset by corresponding movements in other accounts.

National Income & BOP Relationship

This section explains how savings, investment, and fiscal balance affect a country’s external position.

• The relationship between national income and the Balance of Payments (BOP) shows how savings, investment, and fiscal balance affect a country’s external position.

• The current account balance is expressed as: CA = SP + SG − I, where private savings (SP), government savings (SG), and investment (I) determine the external balance.

• When domestic savings are low, the country cannot fully finance its investment needs, leading to dependence on foreign borrowing or external capital inflows.

• A higher fiscal deficit reduces government savings (SG), which weakens the overall savings position of the economy.

• Reduced savings and higher investment gaps put downward pressure on the current account balance, often leading to deficits.

• This situation may result in the Twin Deficit problem, where a fiscal deficit and a current account deficit occur simultaneously, indicating macroeconomic imbalance.

Foreign Exchange (FX) Markets

FX markets determine how currencies are exchanged globally and are the largest financial markets in the world.

Exchange Rates

• Nominal rate: Currency value in exchange terms

• Real rate: Inflation-adjusted value

Market Participants

• Corporates

• Investors

• Central banks

• Speculators

FX Instruments

• Spot transactions

• Forwards

• Swaps

• Options

Currency Depreciation and Trade Balance

Currency value changes directly affect exports, imports, and the overall trade balance.

Marshall-Lerner Condition: Depreciation improves the trade balance only if export and import demand elasticity > 1.

J-Curve Effect: Trade balance worsens initially after depreciation but improves in the long run.

Absorption Approach: Trade balance depends on national income and domestic spending behavior.