parallelogram theorem

Area of parallelograms of Class 9

POLYGONAL REGION

Polygon region can be expressed as the union of a finite number of triangular regions in a plane such that if two of these intersect, their intersection is either a point or a line segment. It is the shaded portion including its sides as shown in the figure.

(a) Area Axioms:

Every polygonal region R has an area, measure in square unit and denoted by ar(R).

(i) Congruent area axiom :if R1 and R2 be two regions such that R1R2 then ar(R1) = ar (R2).
(ii) Area monotone axiom :If R1 R2, then are (R1) ar(R2).
(iii) Area addition axiom :If R1 are two polygonal regions, whose intersection is a finite number of points and line segments and R = R1 R2, then ar (R) = ar(R1) + ar(R2).
(iv) Rectangular area axiom :If AB = a metre and AD = b metre then, ar (Rectangular region ABCD) = ab sq. m.

(b) Unit of Area :

There is a standard square region of side 1 metre, called a square metre, which is the unit of area measure. The area of a polygonal region is square metres (sq. m or m2) is a positive real number

AREA ADDITION AXIOM:

Total area R of the plane figure ABCD is the sum of two polygonal regions R1 and R2, i.e. ar. (R) = ar. parallelogram theorem

THEOREM 1

A diagonal of parallelogram divides it into two triangles of equal area.

Given: A parallelogram ABCD whose one of the diagonals is BD.

parallelogram theorem

To prove: ar (ΔABD) = ar (ΔCDB).

Proof: In ΔABD and ΔCDB.

AB = DC [Opp. sides of a ||gm]

AD = BC [Opp. sides of a ||gm]

BD = BD [Common side]

∴ ΔABD≅ΔCDB [By SSS]

∴ ar (ΔABD) = ar(ΔCDB) [Congruent area axiom] Hence Proved.

THEOREM 2

Prove that parallelogram on the same base and between same parallel are equal in area.

Given: Parallelogram ABCD and ABEF are on the same base AB and between the same parallels AB and CF.

To Prove: ar. (ABCD) = ar. (ABEF)

Proof: In ΔADF and ΔBCE, we have

parallelogram theorem

AF = BE [Opposite sides of the ||gms]

∠AFD = ∠BEC [Corresponding angles]

∠ADF = ∠BCE [Corresponding angles]

∴ ΔADF≅ΔBCE [By AAS Congruence]

⇒ ar. (ΔADF) = ar. (ΔBCE) [Congruence area axiom]

Adding ar.(quadrilateral ABED) to both sides, we get

ar. (ΔADF) + ar.(quadrilateral ABED) = ar (ΔBCE) + ar.(quadrilateral ABED)

⇒ ar. ||gmABEF = ar. ||gmABCD [Area addition axiom]

THEOREM 3

Prove that parallelogram and a rectangle on the same base and between the same parallels are equal in area.

Given :A Parallelogram ABCD and a rectangle ABML are on the same base AB and between the same parallels AB and CL.

To Prove : ar. ||gmABCD = ar. rectangle ABML.

Proof :In ΔADL and ΔBCM, we have

AL = BM [Opposite sides of a rectangle]

∠ALD =∠BMC[Corresponding angles]

∠ADL = ∠BCM [Corresponding angles]

∴ ΔADL≅ΔBCM [By AAS congruence]

parallelogram theorem

⇒ ar. (ΔADL) = ar. (ΔBCM)

Adding ar. (quadrilateral ABMD) to both sides, we get

ar. ΔADL + ar. quadrilateral ABMD = ar. ΔBCM + ar. quadrilateral ABMD

or ar. of rectangle ABML = ar. of ||gmABCD.

THEOREM 4

If a triangle and a parallelogram are on the same base and between the same parallels, then prove that the area of the triangle is equal to half the area of the parallelogram.

parallelogram theorem

(i) (ii)

Given: AParallelogram ABCD and a triangle APB are on the same base AB and between the same parallels AB and PC.

To Prove: ar. parallelogram theorem

Const: Through B draw BQ || AP which meets PC or PC produced at Q. Join BQ

Proof: Since the parallelogram ABQP and the parallelogram ABCD stand on the same base AB and between same parallels AB and PQ or DQ.

∴ ar. ||gmABQP = ar. ||gmABCD [By theorem 1] …(i)

Since the diagonal of a ||gmABQP divides it into two Δs of equal area

∴ ar. ||gmABQP = 2 ar. (ΔPAB) …(ii)

From (i) and (ii), we have

2 ar. (ΔPAB) = ar. ||gmABCD

⇒ ar. parallelogram theorem .

THEOREM 5

The arc of parallelogram is the product of its base and the corresponding altitude.

Given: A||gm ABCD in which AB is the base and AL is the corresponding height.

To prove: Area (||gmABCD) = AB × AL.

Construction: Draw BM parallelogram theorem DC so that rectangle ABML is formed.

Proof: ||gm ABCD and rectangle ABML are on the same base AB and between the same parallel lines AB and LC.

∴ ar(||gmABCD) = ar(rectangle ABML) = AB × AL.

∴ area of a ||gm = base × height.

Ex: Prove that a diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two triangles of equal area.

Solution: Given: A parallelogram ABCD in which BD is one of the diagonals.

To prove → ar((ΔABD) = ar((ΔCDB)

Proof:

parallelogram theorem

In triangles ABD and CDB, we have

AB = CD (in a parallelogram opposite sides are of equal length)

AD = CB

and BD = DB (common side)

⇒ΔABD (ΔCDB (by SSS)

Hence by congruent area axiom ar((ΔABD) = ar((ΔCDB).

Ex. A parallelogram ABCD and a rectangle ABPQ are on the same base AB and between the same parallels AB and CQ. If AB = 8 cm and AQ = 6 cm, find the area of ||gmABCD.

Sol. A rectangle is a parallelogram in which each angle is 90° and parallelogram on the same base and between same parallels are equal in area.

parallelogram theorem