Introduction

Nationalism: Patriotism; a feeling of collective belonging to one’s nation; sharing common feelings of identity.

Nation-states: A state having common territory and inhabited by people sharing common language, race, culture, etc.

Satyagraha: A method of agitation and protest, based on truth and non-violence. This was first introduced by Gandhiji in Indian national movement.

Rowlatt Act: An Act passed by British Government in India in 1919. It authorized the government to arrest and imprison a person without trial. The Act was against civil rights.

Khalifa: The spiritual and temporal head of all Muslims or the Muslim world. Khalifa was also the ruler of Turkey till 1922.

Boycott: A method of resistance used by Indian nationalists under which they refused cooperation with the British in every sphere–stopping to use foreign goods by not attending British institutions.

Picket: A method of protest by which the people block the entrance of a shop, factory or office. One or more persons stand outside a place of work or shop to dissuade others from entering.

Begar: Forced labour compelling people to work free without any remuneration.

Martial Law: Law of military government. When martial laws are imposed, ordinary laws are suspended.

Civil Disobedience: Refusal to comply with certain laws as a method of peaceful protest.

Gudem rebels: The people who participated in the militant guerrilla movement in the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh. It was a resistance movement against the colonial government who prevented the people from entering the forests for grazing their cattle or collect firewood or fruits from the region.