Geography of Bihar, Climate, Rivers, BPSC Notes

Geography of Bihar: The geography of Bihar is a crucial factor to evaluate and understand, a land with deep history and cultural significance, is situated in the eastern part of India. Bihar is known for its rich heritage and diverse geography, Bihar has played a key role in shaping the course of Indian civilization. From the fertile plains of the Ganges to the rugged terrains of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, the geography of Bihar landscape is fascinating. In this detailed guide, we will explore the geographical aspects of Bihar, its physical features, climate, flora and fauna, rivers, and how these elements influence the lives of its inhabitants.

Geography of Bihar Overview

The Geography of Bihar comprises a variety of landforms and climatic conditions that contribute to its various natural beauty and agricultural richness. Situated between latitudes 24°20'10"N and 27°31'15"N and longitudes 83°19'50"E and 88°17'40"E, Bihar covers an area of approximately 94,163 square kilometres . Nepal borders it to the north, West Bengal to the east, Uttar Pradesh to the west, and Jharkhand to the south. Below is an overview of the Bihar's geographical attributes:

Physical Geography of Bihar

The geography of Bihar is characterized by various landforms, ranging from fertile plains to rugged plateaus. Other than this if we talk about Bihar's terrain, it can be observed that it is broadly divided into three distinct geographical regions:

1. The Gangetic Plains

The Gangetic Plains is a dominating one, gangetic plains are the largest-acquired landscape of Bihar, stretching across the northern part of the state. This region is part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, which extends from the Punjab to the Bengal Delta. The plains are known for their alluvial soil, which is highly fertile and supports extensive agricultural activities. Major crops grown here include rice, wheat, sugarcane, and lentils.

• North Bihar Plains: It is further characterized by the presence of considerable rivers and heavy rainfall, and is nearly prone to flooding. The Kosi, often referred to as the "Sorrow of Bihar," is a significant river that contributes to the flood-prone nature of North Bihar.
• South Bihar Plains: Separated from the North Bihar Plains by the Ganges River, this region is slightly advanced and less prone to flooding. The soil of the south Bihar plains is highly facilitative to agriculture.

2. The Ganges River

The Ganges River is the lifeline of the state and a major beneficiary to the geography of Bihar, flowing through the center. It enters Bihar from the west and follows a circular path through the plains before exiting West Bengal. The Ganges and its tributaries provide essential water resources for irrigation, drinking, and transportation.

• Kosi River: Originating in the Himalayas, the Kosi is known for its unpredictable nature and path with frequent flooding. Efforts have been made to tame its waters through dams.
• Gandak River: Gandak emerges from Nepal, the Gandak flows through the northern plains and joins the Ganges near Patna.
• Son River: Flowing from the south, the Son is a critical waterway that irrigates the arid regions of South Bihar.

3. The Plateau Region

Climate of Bihar

The climate of Bihar experiences a subtropical climate with distinct seasons. Candidates must acknowledge the climate of Bihar to understand the comprehensive overview of the geography of Bihar. The climate of this state can be categorized into three main seasons:

1. Summer (March to June)

2. Monsoon (July to September)

3. Winter (October to February)

Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

Flora

• Tropical Deciduous Forests: These forests are found in the plateau regions and are characterized by species like sal, teak, mahua, and bamboo.
• Grasslands: The Gangetic Plains are dotted with grasslands, providing habitat for feeding animals and supporting agriculture.
• Riverine Vegetation: Along the riverbanks, one can find dense growth of bamboo, reeds, and aquatic plants.

Fauna

Flora and fauna of Bihar are home to a range of wildlife species, many of which are protected in national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.

• Valmiki National Park: Located in the West Champaran district, this park is home to tigers, leopards, elephants, and a variety of bird species.
• Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary: Situated in the Chota Nagpur Plateau region, this sanctuary shelters leopards, sloth bears, and various reptiles.
• Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary: Dedicated to the conservation of the endangered Gangetic dolphin, this sanctuary is located along the Ganges River.

Rivers Flowing Through Bihar

Major Rivers in the Geography of Bihar

• Ganges River: The most significant river in Bihar, the Ganges supports agriculture, transportation, and cultural practices. The river's basin is densely populated and heavily cultivated, contributing to Bihar's status as an agricultural hub.
• Kosi River: The Kosi River is infamous for causing floods and is Known for its changing course. Efforts to control its flow have included the construction of dams.
• Gandak River: The Gandak provides irrigation and maintaining the northern plains, supporting agriculture and fishing communities.
• Son River: Flowing through the southern part of Bihar, the Son River is essential for irrigating the drier regions and supporting mineral extraction.

Influence on Agriculture

The topography of Bihar is the backbone of Bihar's economy, with fertile soil in Bihar and considerable water resources supporting a wide range of crops. The state's geographical diversity allows for multiple cropping patterns and agricultural practices.

Major Crops in the Geography of Bihar

• Rice: As the staple food of Bihar, rice is extensively cultivated in the Gangetic Plains. The monsoon rains provide the necessary water for paddy fields, making rice a predominant crop.
• Wheat: Wheat is the second largest grown crop in the geography of Bihar which is grown during the winter months. The cooler temperatures and fertile soil contribute to healthy yields.
• Maize: Maize is the sort of crop that can be cultivated in both the plains and plateau regions, maize is a versatile crop used for food, fodder, and industrial purposes.
• Pulses and Oilseeds: Bihar's agriculture also includes the cultivation of pulses like lentils and oilseeds such as mustard, contributing to the state's diverse agricultural output.

Challenges to the Agricultural Geography of Bihar

Despite its expansive agricultural potential, Bihar generally faces challenges related to flooding, soil erosion, and limited irrigation infrastructure. Efforts to modernize agriculture, improve irrigation facilities, and implement flood control measures are ongoing practices to enhance productivity and sustainability.

Cultural and Historical Significance

The political geography of Bihar has played a significant role in shaping its cultural and historical legacy of Bihar. The fertile plains and strategic location have made it a center of ancient civilizations, spiritual movements, and political power.

Ancient History in the Geography of Bihar

• Magadha Empire: Bihar is the heartland of the Magadha Empire, which played a vital role in shaping Indian history. The region's fertile land supported the growth of powerful dynasties.
• Buddhism and Jainism: Bihar is the birthplace of Buddhism and Jainism, with significant sites like Bodh Gaya and Rajgir attracting pilgrims from around the world.

Cultural Heritage in the Geography of Bihar

The geography of Bihar has influenced its cultural practices, cuisine, and festivals. The state's rich heritage is reflected in its art, music, dance, and traditional crafts.

• Chhath Puja: Celebrated with great zeal, Chhath Puja is a unique festival dedicated to the Sun God, reflecting the state's rural culture.
• Mithila Painting: Originating from the Mithila region, it is a traditional art form renowned for its elaborate designs and vibrant colours.