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Commerce
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Focuses on business communication skills like report writing, email drafting, presentations, and business correspondence.
Covers grammar, vocabulary building (often industry-specific), and reading comprehension with a focus on business publications and reports.
Might introduce basic literary analysis and writing skills.
Accounting Principles and Concepts: Double-entry system, journalizing, ledger posting, trial balance preparation, rectification of errors.
The Accounting Equation: Assets, Liabilities, Capital, their relationship, and application in various transactions.
Subsidiary Books: Cash book, bank reconciliation statement, sales book, purchase book, bills of exchange.
Final Accounts: Trading account, profit and loss account, balance sheet, adjustments.
Nature and Purpose of Business: Types of business ownership (sole proprietorship, partnership, company), business functions (production, marketing, finance, human resource).
Forms of Business Organisation: Public and private companies, cooperatives, government enterprises.
Business Environment: Globalisation, social responsibility of business, business ethics.
Theory of Demand and Supply: Price determination, factors affecting demand and supply, market equilibrium.
Production and Cost Analysis: Production function, types of costs (fixed, variable, total), cost curves.
Market Structures: Perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, their features and implications.
Consumer Equilibrium and Behaviour: Utility theory, indifference curve analysis.
National Income and Related Concepts: GDP, GNP, market price vs. factor cost, methods of calculating national income.
Money and Banking: Functions of money, types of money, commercial banking system, credit creation.
Government Budget and Fiscal Policy: Components of government budget, types of fiscal policy tools.
Inflation: Causes and types of inflation, measures to control inflation.
Channels of Distribution: Wholesaling, retailing, e-commerce, supply chain management.
Principles of Insurance: Risk, uncertainty, types of insurance (life, fire, marine, etc.), concept of risk pooling.
Life Insurance: Types of life insurance policies, claim settlement procedures.
General Insurance: Fire insurance, theft insurance, marine insurance, and their features.
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Science
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Measurement: Units and dimensions, significant figures, errors in measurement.
Motion: Kinematics (uniform, non-uniform motion), projectile motion, laws of motion, work, power, energy.
Gravitation: Universal law of gravitation, Kepler's laws, satellites, escape velocity.
Mechanics: Properties of matter, elasticity, fluids, Bernoulli's principle.
Heat and Thermodynamics: Thermal expansion, calorimetry, change of state, specific heat capacity, laws of thermodynamics.
Oscillations and Waves: Simple harmonic motion, wave motion, sound waves.
Electrostatics: Electric charge, electric field, potential, capacitance, Gauss's law.
Current Electricity: Electric current, circuits, Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, magnetic effects of current.
Basic Concepts: States of matter, atomic structure, periodic table, chemical bonding (ionic, covalent).
Chemical Reactions: Stoichiometry, balancing equations, types of reactions (redox, precipitation, etc.).
Acids, Bases and Salts: Arrhenius theory, pH scale, indicators, salts and their hydrolysis.
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions: Redox reactions, balancing redox equations by various methods.
Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry: Nomenclature of organic compounds, functional groups (alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids).
Equilibrium: Law of chemical equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle.
Thermodynamics: Enthalpy, entropy, free energy, spontaneity of reactions.
Algebra: Advanced topics like matrices, determinants, and complex numbers.
Calculus: Differentiation, integration, applications in solving scientific problems (optimization, rates of change).
Coordinate Geometry: Lines, circles, parabolas, hyperbolas, and their applications.
The Living World: Introduction to biology, diversity of life, classification of living organisms.
Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals: Cell structure and function, plant and animal tissues, organs and organ systems.
Plant Physiology: Processes like photosynthesis, respiration, transport in plants, reproduction.
Animal Physiology: Human digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, excretory system, nervous system, reproductive system.
Genetics: Mendel's laws of inheritance, chromosomes, DNA structure and replication, protein synthesis.
Ecology and Environment: Ecosystems, biodiversity, environmental issues, conservation.
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