NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 10 Eighteenth Century Political Formations

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 10

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 10 Overview

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NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 10 Eighteenth Century Political Formations

• Emergence of New States: Understand the political landscape of 18th-century India, witnessing the rise of independent states as the Mughal Empire declined.
• Regional Kingdoms: Explore the formation and growth of various regional kingdoms that played a significant role in shaping the political scenario during this period.
• The Decline of the Mughal Empire: Delve into the factors contributing to the decline of the once-mighty Mughal Empire, leading to the emergence of independent and regional powers.
• The Marathas: Learn about the rise of the Marathas as a powerful force in western India, their administrative system, and their impact on the political landscape.
• The Sikhs: Discover the political significance of the Sikh community during the 18th century, particularly in the Punjab region.
• The Rajputs: Explore the role of Rajput states in the political developments of the time and how they navigated the changing political scenario.
• The Jats: Understand the political contributions of the Jats, a community that played a crucial role in the formation of regional states.
• The Ahom Kingdom: Learn about the Ahom Kingdom in Assam and its unique political structure during the 18th century.
• Emergence of European Powers: Explore the entry and influence of European powers, particularly the British, in the political dynamics of eastern India.
• Formation of the Bengal Nawabs: Understand the establishment of the Nawabs of Bengal and their significance in the political landscape of the region.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 10 Imp Ques and Ans

• Emperor Aurangzeb's protracted war in the Deccan depleted both the military and financial resources of his empire.
• The successors of Aurangzeb lacked efficiency, leading to a breakdown in the imperial administration. Powerful nobles, appointed as governors, exerted control over revenue and military offices, amassing extraordinary political, economic, and military powers across extensive regions of the Mughal Empire.
• Under the later Mughals, peasant and zamindar rebellions surged in northern and western India. Mounting taxes and the rise of influential local chieftains seizing economic resources fueled these revolts.
• Economic and political crises intensified as Nadir Shah, the ruler of Iran, sacked and plundered Delhi in 1739, depleting the Mughal treasury. Additionally, Ahmad Shah Abdali's invasions between 1748 and 1761 further weakened the empire.
• Intense rivalries among different nobles' groups exacerbated the decline, with the later Mughals functioning as mere puppets in the hands of the dominant Iranis and Turanis nobles.

• Despite being established by erstwhile Mughal nobles, these larger states harbored deep suspicions about inherited administrative systems, especially the jagirdari system.
• Instead of relying on state officers, all three regimes opted to contract revenue-farmers for the collection of revenue, marking a departure from traditional administrative practices.
• A third shared feature was the emerging relationship with affluent bankers and merchants. These individuals extended loans to revenue farmers, receiving land as security and independently collecting taxes from these lands through their appointed agents.

• By the 1720s, the Marathas had seized Malwa and Gujarat from the Mughals, establishing their regional dominance.
• Recognized as the overlord of the entire Deccan peninsula by the 1730s, the Maratha king's influence expanded rapidly.
• In 1737, the Marathas raided Delhi, solidifying their dominance. The frontiers of Maratha expansion extended into Rajasthan and Punjab in the north, Bengal and Orissa in the east, and Karnataka, Tamil, and Telugu regions in the south.
• While these regions were not formally included in the Maratha Empire, they were compelled to pay tribute, symbolizing their acceptance of Maratha sovereignty.

• The efficiency of the imperial administration declined under the later Mughal emperors, making it increasingly challenging to keep a check on powerful nobles.
• Nobles, appointed as governors, gained control over revenue and military offices, granting them extraordinary political, economic, and military powers over vast regions.
• As governors consolidated control, the periodic remission of revenue to the capital dwindled.

• Nadir Shah, the ruler of Iran, plundered and sacked Delhi in 1739, seizing immense wealth and leaving the Mughal treasury empty.
• Chaos ensued in Delhi, transforming it into a desolate place, where once-wealthy individuals became beggars, and property owners were left homeless.
• Shahjahanabad, the New City, turned into rubble, marking a stark transformation from Delhi's former richness to impoverishment after Nadir Shah's looting.

• States that were old Mughal provinces like Awadh, Bengal, and Hyderabad.
• States that had considerable independence under the Mughals as watan jagirs, including several Rajput principalities.
• States under the control of Marathas, Sikhs, and others like the Jats.

• Reduced the number of Mughal-appointed office holders (jagirdars) in Awadh.
• Decreased the size of jagirs and appointed his loyal servants to vacant positions.
• Checked jagirdars' accounts to prevent cheating and reassessed revenues of all districts with officials appointed by the Nawab's court.

• Awadh depended on local bankers and merchants for loans.
• Sold the right to collect tax to the highest bidders (jaradars) who agreed to pay a fixed sum.
• Local bankers guaranteed payment, giving revenue farmers freedom in tax assessment, leading to influential positions in revenue management.

• Appointed as the naib (deputy) to the governor, Murshid Quli Khan quickly seized power.
• Commanded the revenue administration, reducing Mughal influence.
• Transferred Mughal jagirdars to Orissa, ordered a major revenue  reassessment, and collected revenue in cash from all zamindars.

• The Jats were prosperous agriculturists who consolidated power in the late 17th and 18th centuries.
• Under Churaman's leadership, they gained control over territories west of Delhi and dominated the region between Delhi and Agra.
• Towns like Panipat and Ballabhgarh became major trading centers, and under Suraj Mai, the kingdom of Bharatpur emerged as a robust state.

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 10 PDF Download

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 10 PDF Download

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 10 Exercise Questions

• Subadar: Provincial governor
• Faujdar: A Mughal military commander
• Ijaradar: Revenue farmer
• Misl: A band of Sikh warriors
• Chauth: Tax levied by the Marathas
• Kunbis: Maratha peasant warriors
• Umara: A high noble

• Aurangzeb fought a protracted war in the Deccan.
• Umara and jagirdars constituted powerful sections of the Mughal administration.
• Asaf Jah founded the Hyderabad state in 1724.
• The founder of the Awadh state was Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa’adat Khan.

• Nadir Shah invaded Bengal. (False)
• Sawai Raja Jai Singh was the ruler of Indore. (False)
• Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth Guru of the Sikhs. (True)
• Poona became the capital of the Marathas in the eighteenth century. (True)

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 10 Summary

• Mughal Decline: The empire faced challenges due to Aurangzeb's wars in the Deccan, inefficient successors, and rebellions by peasants and zamindars.
• Awadh, Bengal, and Hyderabad: States like Awadh, Bengal, and Hyderabad were established by former Mughal nobles but were suspicious of inherited administrative systems, such as the jagirdari system.
• Administration: These states contracted with revenue-farmers for revenue collection instead of relying on state officers.
• Bankers and Merchants: There was an emerging relationship with wealthy bankers and merchants, who lent money to revenue farmers, received land as security, and collected taxes independently.
• Territorial Gains: The Maratha Empire expanded, seizing territories like Malwa and Gujarat by the 1720s.
• Overlord in Deccan: By the 1730s, the Maratha king was recognized as the overlord of the entire Deccan peninsula.
• Raid on Delhi: The Marathas raided Delhi in 1737, marking the expansion of their dominance into regions like Rajasthan, Punjab, Bengal, Orissa, Karnataka, Tamil, and Telugu areas.
• Impact of External Invasions: Invasions by Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali further weakened the Mughal Empire, contributing to its decline.