NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 International Trade

For the CBSE Class 12 Geography Board Exam, students must focus on chapters that are concept-based yet scoring. Chapter 8 International Trade is one of the most important chapters from the Human Geography section. Questions are often straightforward and directly derived from NCERT explanations.

Preparing through NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 helps students understand trade concepts clearly and frame structured answers. Since international trade connects economies globally, the chapter includes definitions, classifications, advantages, and examples that are frequently asked in board exams.

Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 International Trade

Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 International Trade explains the exchange of goods and services between countries. It highlights the importance of trade in economic development and global integration.

The chapter discusses types of trade, balance of trade, and the role of organizations like WTO in regulating global trade. It also explains trading blocs and modern trade patterns.

Overall, Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 International Trade highlights how global economies are interconnected through trade networks. For board exams, students should focus on definitions, classifications, and examples from NCERT.

International Trade Class 12 Questions and Answers​

In International Trade Class 12 NCERT Solutions, students study the meaning and importance of international trade, basis of international trade, balance of trade, and more.
While preparing International Trade Class 12 Questions and Answers, focus on definitions, differences, and examples from NCERT.

1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.

(i) Trade between two countries is termed as:

a. Internal trade
b. External trade
c. International trade
d. Local trade

Ans. (c) International trade

(ii) Which one of the following is a land locked harbour?

a. Vishakhapatnam
b. Mumbai
c. Ennor
d. Haldia

Ans. (a) Visakhapatnam

(iii) Most of India’s foreign trade is carried through:

a. Land and sea
b. Land and air
c. Sea and air
d. Sea

Ans. (c) Sea and air

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Mention the characteristics of India’s foreign trade.

Answer:
India’s foreign trade has expanded steadily, though imports generally exceed exports, leading to a trade deficit mainly due to petroleum imports. The share of primary goods has declined, while manufactured and petroleum products dominate.

(ii) Distinguish between port and harbour.

Answer:
A harbour is a sheltered area of water where ships can anchor safely. A port is a facility equipped for loading, unloading, and handling cargo and passengers. All ports have harbours, but not all harbours function as ports.

(iii) Explain the meaning of hinterland.

Answer:
A hinterland refers to the inland area connected to and served by a port. It supplies goods for export and receives imported items. For example, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand form the hinterland of Kolkata port.

(iv) Name important items which India imports from different countries.

Answer:
India imports major items such as crude oil, fertilizers, chemicals, machinery, edible products, paper, gold, silver, pearls, and precious stones from various nations.

(v) Name the ports of India located on the east coast.

Answer:
Key east coast ports include Kolkata, Haldia, Paradip, Visakhapatnam, Ennore, Chennai, and Thoothukudi.

3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.

(i) Describe the composition of export and import trade of India.

Answer:
Over the years, India’s export composition has changed significantly. The share of agricultural goods such as tea, coffee, and spices has declined. Petroleum products have gained prominence due to enhanced refining capacity and global price increases. Engineering goods now constitute the largest share of exports, while marine products, fruits, and sugar have also shown growth. Manufactured items and minerals maintain a steady contribution.

On the import side, earlier decades saw heavy imports of food grains due to shortages, but this reduced after agricultural advancements. Currently, petroleum remains the most significant import. Other major imports include fertilizers, chemicals, machinery, specialized steel, edible oils, and capital goods like industrial equipment. Precious metals and alloys also form an important portion of imports, reflecting industrial expansion and consumer demand.

(ii) Write a note on the changing nature of the international trade of India.

Answer:
India has adopted several reforms to strengthen its global trade presence, including reducing tariffs, easing trade regulations, and implementing intellectual property laws. The country maintains strong trade relations with regions such as Asia, Oceania, Europe, and America.

There has been a noticeable shift from traditional goods to services and technology-based exports. Information technology and software services have become major sources of foreign exchange. Tourism also contributes significantly to earnings. Despite progress, challenges remain, including slow industrial growth, rising domestic consumption, and stiff global competition, which affect export expansion.