SSC Selection Post Phase 14 Complete Science One Shot By Muskan Mam

SSC Selection Post Phase 14 Complete Science provides a concise academic overview of crucial science concepts, ideal for students preparing for competitive exams like SSC CGL, CHSL, MTS, and other one-day examinations. 

It covers fundamental principles in Biology, Chemistry, and Physics, highlighting key definitions, processes, and applications relevant to the general science section of these exams. The information is presented directly and academically, focusing on high-yield topics.

SSC Selection Post Phase 14 Complete Science 

SSC Selection Post Phase 14 Complete Science includes all key topics from physics, chemistry, and biology that are important for the exam. Understanding these concepts helps improve accuracy and confidence. Regular revision of formulas, diagrams, and basic theory plays a major role. Check below to cover important topics and boost your preparation.

Sleeping Sickness

Sleeping Sickness (निद्रा लुता रोग) is caused by the pathogen Trypanosoma. The vector that spreads this disease is the Tsetse fly. (Memory Tip: Remember "Tsetse" for "Trypanosoma" and "Sleeping Sickness" to link the vector and pathogen.)

Plant Kingdom Categories

Among Thallophyta, Angiosperm, and Gymnosperm, Arthropoda is not a part of the Plant Kingdom. Arthropoda belongs to the Animal Kingdom.

Gold Purification

The mixture used to purify gold is Aqua Regia. Aqua Regia contains two acids: Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) and Nitric Acid (HNO3), mixed in a 3:1 ratio (3 parts HCl to 1 part HNO3).

Nearsightedness (Myopia)

Nearsightedness is also known as Myopia. In Myopia, a person can see near objects clearly but distant objects appear blurry because the image forms before the retina. It is corrected using a diverging lens, specifically a concave lens (अवतल लेंस), which ensures the image forms correctly on the retina.

Parts of a Neuron

Neurons (तंत्रिका कोशिका) are unique as they are the only cells in the body that are not capable of division. Cone cells are not a part of neurons; they are found in the retina of the eye and are responsible for night vision.

Artificial Kidney (Dialyzer)

A machine called a dialyzer is used to clean a patient's blood. It functions as an artificial kidney (कृत्रिम वृक्क), helping to filter the blood.

Anodizing

Anodizing (एनोडीकरण) is the process of forming a thick layer of oxide over aluminum. This layer prevents further oxidation of the aluminum, providing protection.

Plaster of Paris Chemical Formula

Plaster of Paris (POP) has the chemical name Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate. Its chemical formula is CaSO₄ · ½H₂O, where "hemi" signifies half a water molecule.

Stomach Acid

The stomach produces Gastric juice (जठर रस) to aid in the digestive process. Gastric juice is composed of:

• Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

• Pepsinogen (an enzyme that converts to Pepsin)

• Mucus (श्लेष्मा)

Mosquito-borne Diseases: Filariasis

Filariasis, also known as Elephantiasis, is a mosquito-borne disease. It causes significant swelling in the lymph vessels. The vector for Filariasis is the Culex mosquito, and the pathogen is Wuchereria bancrofti.

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen. Their nomenclature indicates the number of carbon atoms:

• Meth-: 1 carbon

• Eth-: 2 carbons

• Prop-: 3 carbons

• But-: 4 carbons
  For alkanes (indicated by the "-ane" suffix), the general formula is CnH2n+2. For example, Ethane is C2H6.

Blood Pressure Control

Blood pressure (BP) in humans is primarily controlled by the Adrenal glands (अधिवृक्क ग्रंथि), which are located above the kidneys. They release a hormone called Aldosterone, which regulates sodium and potassium levels in the body, influencing blood pressure.

Anemometer

An Anemometer is an instrument used to measure wind speed (वायु की गति).

Bones of the Skeletal System

Carpals are found in the wrist (कलाई) and Metacarpals are in the palm (पंजा) of the hand. The Patella, also known as the kneecap (घुटने की कटोरी), is located in the knee.

Propane Chemical Formula

The chemical formula for Propane uses the prefix "prop-" for 3 carbons. Using the general formula for alkanes (CnH2n+2), with n=3: C₃H(2*3+2) = C₃H₈.

Crocodile Heart Chambers

Crocodiles possess a specific number of heart chambers, which is often a point of interest in competitive exams related to animal physiology.

Phloem Function

Phloem is a vascular tissue (संवहनी ऊतक) in plants. Its primary function is the transport of food (sugars), primarily glucose, in a bidirectional manner (upward and downward).

• Comparison with Xylem: While Phloem transports food, Xylem transports water and minerals.

Lens Formula vs. Mirror Formula

The Lens Formula is 1/v - 1/u = 1/f. This is distinct from the Mirror Formula, which is 1/v + 1/u = 1/f.

• v: image distance from the lens/mirror.

• u: object distance from the lens/mirror.

• f: focal length, the distance between the focus point and the pole of the lens/mirror.

Lysosome: "Suicidal Bag of the Cell"

The Lysosome is a membrane-bound cell organelle (कोशिकांग) that contains digestive enzymes. It is commonly referred to as the "Suicidal Bag of the Cell" (कोशिका की आत्मघाती थैली) because it can release its enzymes and rupture, leading to the destruction of the cell.

Golgi Apparatus: "Post Office of the Cell"

The Golgi apparatus (गॉल्गिकाय) is known as the "Post Office of the Cell" (कोशिका का पोस्ट ऑफिस / डाकघर). Its functions include modifying, packaging, and transporting proteins and lipids.

• Comparison: The Mitochondria are known as the "Power House of the Cell", not the post office.

Carbon Atoms in Glucose

Glucose has the chemical formula C₆H₁₂O₆. It is a monosaccharide (single sugar molecule) containing six carbon atoms. The ratio of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in glucose is 1:2:1.

Sugar Isomers: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose all share the same chemical formula: C₆H₁₂O₆. Galactose is known as "Brain Sugar" (मस्तिष्क की शर्करा). Despite identical chemical formulas, these sugars are isomers, differing in their structural arrangement (संरचना), leading to distinct properties.

Ozone Layer Thickness Unit

The thickness of the Ozone layer (O₃) is measured in Dobson Units. The Ozone layer is located in the stratosphere of Earth's atmosphere. Ozone Day is observed on September 16.

Amphoteric Oxides

Amphoteric oxides (उभयधर्मी ऑक्साइड) are those that can act as both acids and bases (अम्ल और क्षार दोनों की तरह). Two primary amphoteric metals are Aluminum and Zinc, whose oxides (e.g., Al₂O₃) exhibit this property.

Cobalt in Vitamin B12

Cobalt is found in Vitamin B12, whose scientific name is Cyanocobalamin.

• Other B Vitamins:

• Vitamin B1: Thiamine

• Vitamin B3: Niacin (also known as Vitamin PP - Pellagra Preventive Vitamin). Its deficiency causes Pellagra (characterized by Dementia, Dermatitis, and Diarrhea).

• Vitamin B5: Pantothenic Acid

Fullerene: Allotrope of Carbon

Fullerene (specifically Buckminsterfullerene, or C₆₀, with a football-like structure) is an allotrope (अपरूप) of Carbon. Allotropes are different structural forms of the same element, leading to varied physical and chemical properties.

Cockroach Excretory Organ

The excretory organ in cockroaches and other insects is the Malpighian tubules.

• Comparison of Excretory Organs:

• Flame cells: Found in Platyhelminthes (flatworms).

• Renette cells: Found in Aschelminths (roundworms).

• Nephridia: Found in Annelida (segmented worms).

• Malpighian tubules: Found in Arthropoda (e.g., insects).

Hydrogen Ion Concentration and pH

The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) is inversely proportional to pH. A lower pH value indicates a higher concentration of hydrogen ions, while a higher pH value indicates a lower concentration of hydrogen ions. For instance, a solution with pH 4 has the highest concentration of hydrogen ions compared to solutions with pH 5, 8, or 10.

Lowest Audible Frequency of Sound for Humans

The audible range of sound frequency for humans is typically 20 Hertz (Hz) to 20,000 Hertz (20 kHz). The lowest frequency of sound that humans can typically hear is 20 Hertz.

Ethanol Production and Respiration Types

Ethanol (C₂H₅OH) is produced during anaerobic respiration in yeast.

• Comparison of Respiration Types:

• Aerobic Respiration: Occurs in the presence of oxygen. Products include CO₂, H₂O, and ATP.

• Anaerobic Respiration: Occurs in the absence of oxygen. In muscles, it produces lactic acid; in yeast, it produces ethanol (C₂H₅OH) and carbon dioxide (CO₂).

Energy Measurement Unit

The unit used to measure the energy requirements of the human body (e.g., from food) is Calories.

Ozone Composition

Ozone (O₃) is made up of three oxygen atoms, also referred to as Trioxygen.

Red Soil Color Cause

The reddish color of soil, often observed in rural areas, is primarily due to the abundance of ferric oxide (iron oxide). Ferrous (iron) is responsible for imparting the red color to the soil.

Element in Chlorophyll

The element present in chlorophyll is Magnesium.

Carbon Allotropes & Electrical Conductivity

Diamond is an allotrope of carbon, possessing a tetrahedral structure and exhibiting sp3 hybridization. Regarding electrical conductivity, solutions of Alcohol and Glucose will not conduct electricity because they do not contain ions. Ions are necessary for electricity conduction as they carry a charge, and their movement constitutes an electric current. Solutions with ions (e.g., acids with H+ ions, bases with OH- ions) will conduct electricity.

Human Skeletal System

The adult human skeleton has 206 bones, while newborns have approximately 300+ bones. The skeletal system is divided into two parts:

1. Appendicular Skeleton (परिष्ठी कंकाल): Helps in movement and includes limbs (arms and legs), containing 126 bones.

2. Axial Skeleton (अक्षीय कंकाल): Forms the central axis and includes the skull, neck, rib cage, and vertebral column, containing 80 bones.

Disease Causes

Bird Flu is caused by the H5N1 virus.

• Comparison of Disease Vectors/Causes:

• Anopheles mosquito: vector for Malaria.

• Tsetse fly: vector for Sleeping Sickness.

• HPV virus: Causes Polio.

Disease and Pathogen Types

Pathogens are primarily categorized into Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa, and Helminths.

• Disease-Pathogen Matches:

• Malaria: Caused by Plasmodium (Protozoa).

• Tetanus: Caused by Clostridium tetani (Bacteria).

• Typhoid: Caused by Salmonella typhi (Bacteria).

• Measles: Caused by a Virus. Therefore, stating "Measles - Bacteria" is an incorrect match.

Vitamins and Deficiency Diseases

1. Vitamin A:

• Scientific Name: Retinol.

• Deficiency Disease: Night Blindness (Nyctalopia). (Memory Tip: "Night Blindness" is easier to remember than "Nyctalopia.")

2. Vitamin D:

• Scientific Name: Calciferol.

• Deficiency Disease: Rickets.

3. Vitamin B1:

• Scientific Name: Thiamine.

• Deficiency Disease: Beriberi.

4. Vitamin K:

• Scientific Name: Phylloquinone.

• Deficiency Effect: Causes blood clotting problems (blood does not clot properly).

Human Digestion and Cell Walls

Humans cannot digest Cellulose, which forms plant cell walls.

• Digestion of other substances:

• Starch: Digestible, broken down into maltose by salivary amylase.

• Glycogen: Stored food in animals.

• Amino Acids: Components of proteins, which are digestible.

• Comparative Cell Wall Composition:

• Plants: Cell walls made of Cellulose.

• Fungi: Cell walls made of Chitin.

• Animals: Cell walls are absent.

Digestion Products of Macromolecules

Proteins are converted into Amino Acids (अमीनो अम्ल) after digestion.

• Comparative Digestion Products:

• Carbohydrates: Converted into Glucose.

• Fats: Converted into Fatty Acids and Glycerol. (Memory Tip: Use "AA" for Amino Acids and "FA" for Fatty Acids as a shorthand for quick recall.)

Environmental Issues: Ozone Layer Depletion

The main cause of ozone layer depletion is Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

Hormones and Genetic Material

Estrogen is a major female sex hormone. Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone. Nucleosome refers to DNA coiled around proteins, and Chromatin material refers to the cell's genetic material.

Medical Discoveries: Smallpox Vaccine

Edward Jenner discovered the Smallpox vaccine.

Measurement Devices in Vehicles

The Odometer measures the distance traveled by a vehicle.

• Comparison of Vehicle Measurement Devices:

• Odometer: Measures distance.

• Speedometer: Measures speed.

• RPM Meter: Measures rotations per minute.