RBSE 12th Syllabus 2025-26 PDF Download All Subjects
RBSE 12th Syllabus 2025-26 is released for Science, Commerce, and Arts streams. Students can download subject-wise PDFs from rajeduboard.rajasthan.gov.in. The syllabus includes updated topics, marks distribution, and exam patterns to help students plan studies effectively for the 2026 board exams.
Praveen Singh5 Nov, 2025
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RBSE 12th Syllabus 2025-26: Rajasthan Board of Secondary Education (RBSE) has released the latest RBSE 12th Syllabus 2025-26 for all streams – Science, Commerce, and Arts. Students can now check and download the subject-wise syllabus in PDF format.
The RBSE 12th Syllabus 2025-26 helps students understand the chapters, topics, and marks distribution for every subject. With this, students can plan their studies and prepare better for the upcoming board exams.
RBSE 12th Syllabus 2025-26 Overview
The updated RBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2025-26 gives a complete idea of what to study throughout the year. It helps students stay organized and follow a proper schedule. Students are advised to check the RBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2025-26 PDF download option available on the official website to get the full syllabus for each subject.
| RBSE 12th Syllabus 2025-26 Overview | |
| Particulars | Details |
| Board Name | Rajasthan Board of Secondary Education (RBSE) |
| Academic Year | 2025-26 |
| Class | 12th |
| Streams | Science, Commerce, Arts |
| Format | |
| Official Website | rajeduboard.rajasthan.gov.in |
RBSE 12th Exam Pattern 2025-26
Before studying, students must know the RBSE 12th Syllabus 2025-26 and the RBSE 12th exam pattern. The pattern shows the marks distribution and question types.
| RBSE 12th Exam Pattern 2025-26 | ||||
| Subject | Theory Marks | Practical Marks | Total Marks | Passing Marks |
| English | 80 | 20 | 100 | 33 |
| Hindi | 80 | 20 | 100 | 33 |
| Physics | 70 | 30 | 100 | 33 |
| Chemistry | 70 | 30 | 100 | 33 |
| Biology | 70 | 30 | 100 | 33 |
| Accountancy | 80 | 20 | 100 | 33 |
| Business Studies | 80 | 20 | 100 | 33 |
| Geography | 70 | 30 | 100 | 33 |
RBSE 12th Syllabus 2025-26
Below is a list of important subjects under the RBSE 12th Syllabus 2025-26. Students can download each subject’s syllabus in PDF form from the official website.
RBSE Class 12th English Compulsory Syllabus 2025-26
Below, we’ve mentioned the RBSE Class 12th English Compulsory Syllabus 2025-26:
| RBSE Class 12th English Compulsory Syllabus 2025-26 | ||
| Section | Topics Covered | Details / Description |
| SECTION – A (Reading) | Unseen Passages | Two unseen passages (700–900 words total) based on:(a) Factual Passages – instructions, descriptions, reports.(b) Discursive Passages – argumentative, persuasive, or interpretative texts.(c) Literary Passages – extracts from fiction, drama, poetry, essay, or biography. |
| SECTION – B (Writing Skills) | Short Compositions | One out of two short compositions (about 80 words). Topics include advertisements, notices, short arguments (for or against a topic), and invitations (accepting or declining). |
| Report Writing / Paragraph Writing | Report on an event or paragraph based on given clues (about 100 words). | |
| Letter Writing | One out of two letters is based on verbal input:(a) Business or Official Letters – inquiries, complaints, placing orders, giving information.(b) Letters to the Editor – on social, national, or international issues.(c) Job Applications – including CV/Resume. | |
| Grammar | Grammar Exercises | Includes Fill in the Blanks, and Short Answer Questions based on:1. Conditional Sentences2. Synthesis3. Phrasal Verbs (break, bring, carry, come, get, put, turn)4. ConjunctionsExercises include sentence transformation, completion, and combination. |
| SECTION – C (Text Books) | Flamingo – Prose | (i) One extract from different prose lessons (around 200 words) followed by:• 3 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)• 3 Very Short Answer Questions (ii) One Long Answer Question (out of two) – about 60 words(iii) Two Short Answer Questions – 20–30 words each |
| Flamingo – Poetry | (i) One out of two Explanations with reference to context from the prescribed poems.(ii) One Long Answer Question – 60 words(iii) Two Short Answer Questions – 20–30 words each | |
| Vistas (Supplementary Reader) | (i) One Long Answer Question (out of two) – 60 words(ii) Two Short Answer Questions – 20–30 words each(iii) Nine Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) | |
RBSE Class 12th Hindi Compulsory Syllabus 2025-26
Below, we’ve mentioned the RBSE Class 12th Hindi Compulsory Syllabus 2025-26:
| RBSE Class 12th Hindi Compulsory Syllabus 2025-26 | |||
| Section (खंड) | Topic | Details | Marks |
| खंड – 1 | अपठित गद्यांश (Unseen Passages) | (a) अपठित गद्यांश (अति लघु उत्तारात्मक प्रश्न)(b) अपठित पद्यांश (अति लघु उत्तारात्मक प्रश्न) | 12 |
| खंड – 2 | रचनात्मक लेखन (Creative Writing) | (1) निबंध लेखन (लगभग 300 शब्द)(2) पत्र या प्रार्थना पत्र लेखन (आधिकारिक पत्र, निवेदन, विज्ञापन, सूचना आदि)(3) अभिव्यक्ति एवं माध्यम पर आधारित लेखन (बहु चयनात्मक या लघु प्रश्न)(4) फीचर लेख / आलेख (लगभग 100 शब्द) | 16 |
| खंड – 3 | व्यावहारिक व्याकरण (Practical Grammar) | (1) शब्द शक्ति(2) अलंकार – अनुप्रास, रूपक, यमक, अतिशयोक्ति आदि(3) भाषिक शब्दावली | 8 |
| खंड – 4 | पाठ्यपुस्तक – आरोह भाग 2 (Text Book – Aaroh Part 2) | (i) गद्यांश / पद्यांश की व्याख्या (विकल्प सहित)(ii) कवि या लेखक का परिचय (80–100 शब्द)(iii) प्रश्नोत्तर (बहु विकल्पीय, लघु उत्तरात्मक, दीर्घ उत्तरात्मक प्रश्न) | 32 |
| खंड – 5 | पूरक पुस्तक – वितान भाग 2 (Supplementary Book – Vitan Part 2) | (a) दीर्घ उत्तरात्मक प्रश्न (60–80 शब्दों में उत्तर)(b) बहु चयनात्मक एवं लघु उत्तरात्मक प्रश्न | 12 |
RBSE Class 12th Mathematics Syllabus 2025-26
Below, we’ve mentioned theRBSE Class 12th Mathematics Syllabus 2025-26:
| RBSE Class 12th Mathematics Syllabus 2025-26 | |||
| Unit No. | Unit Name | Chapters / Topics | Key Concepts Covered |
| Unit 1 | Relations and Functions | Relations and Functions | Introduction, types of relations, types of functions, composition of functions, and invertible functions. |
| Inverse Trigonometric Functions | Introduction, basic concepts, and properties of inverse trigonometric functions. | ||
| Unit 2 | Algebra | Matrices | Introduction, definition of a matrix, types of matrices, operations on matrices, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices, and invertible matrices. |
| Determinants | Introduction, definition of determinant, area of a triangle, minors and cofactors, adjoint and inverse of a matrix, and applications of determinants and matrices. | ||
| Unit 3 | Calculus | Continuity and Differentiability | Introduction, continuity, differentiability, exponential and logarithmic functions, logarithmic differentiation, derivatives of functions in parametric forms, and second-order derivative. |
| Applications of Derivatives | Rate of change of quantities, increasing and decreasing functions, maxima and minima. | ||
| Integrals | Integration as an inverse process of differentiation, methods of integration, integrals of some particular functions, integration by partial fractions, integration by parts, definite integral, fundamental theorem of calculus, evaluation of definite integrals by substitution, and properties of definite integrals. | ||
| Applications of the Integrals | Finding area under simple curves. | ||
| Differential Equations | Basic concepts, general and particular solutions of a differential equation, and methods of solving first-order, first-degree differential equations. | ||
| Unit 4 | Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry | Vector Algebra | Introduction, basic concepts, types of vectors, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, and product of two vectors. |
| Three-Dimensional Geometry | Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line, equation of a line in space, angle between two lines, and shortest distance between two lines. | ||
| Unit 5 | Linear Programming | Linear Programming Problems | Introduction, linear programming problems, and their mathematical formulation. |
| Unit 6 | Probability | Probability | Introduction, conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability, independent events, and Bayes’ theorem. |
RBSE Class 12th Physics Syllabus 2025–26
Below, we’ve mentioned the RBSE Class 12th Physics Syllabus 2025-26:
| RBSE Class 12th Physics Syllabus 2025-26 | ||
| Unit No. | Unit Name | Main Topics Covered |
| 1 | Electric Charges and Fields | Introduction, Electric Charge, Conductors and Insulators, Basic Properties of Electric Charge (Additivity, Conservation, Quantisation), Coulomb’s Law, Forces between Multiple Charges, Electric Field (due to a system of charges, significance), Electric Field Lines, Electric Flux, Electric Dipole (field on axis and equatorial plane, significance), Dipole in Uniform External Field, Continuous Charge Distribution, Gauss’s Law, Applications of Gauss’s Law (Field due to straight wire, infinite plane sheet, spherical shell). |
| 2 | Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance | Introduction, Electrostatic Potential, Potential due to Point Charge, Dipole and System of Charges, Equipotential Surfaces (relation between field and potential), Potential Energy of System of Charges, Potential Energy in External Field (single charge, two charges, dipole), Electrostatics of Conductors, Dielectrics and Polarisation, Capacitors and Capacitance, Parallel Plate Capacitor, Effect of Dielectric, Combination of Capacitors (series, parallel), Energy Stored in Capacitor (only formula). |
| 3 | Current Electricity | Introduction, Electric Current, Electric Currents in Conductors, Ohm’s Law, Drift of Electrons and Origin of Resistivity (Mobility), Limitations of Ohm’s Law, Resistivity of Materials, Temperature Dependence of Resistivity, Electrical Energy and Power, Cells – EMF, Internal Resistance, Cells in Series and Parallel, Kirchhoff’s Rules, Wheatstone Bridge. |
| 4 | Moving Charges and Magnetism | Introduction, Magnetic Force (Sources and Fields, Lorentz Force), Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor, Motion in a Magnetic Field, Biot-Savart Law, Magnetic Field on Axis of Circular Loop, Ampere’s Circuital Law, Solenoid, Force between Two Parallel Currents, Torque on Current Loop (Magnetic Dipole, Rectangular and Circular Loop), Moving Coil Galvanometer. |
| 5 | Magnetism and Matter | Introduction, Bar Magnet (Field Lines, Equivalent Solenoid, Dipole in Uniform Field, Electrostatic Analogy), Magnetism and Gauss’s Law, Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity, Magnetic Properties of Materials (Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism, Ferromagnetism). |
| 6 | Electromagnetic Induction | Introduction, Faraday’s and Henry’s Experiments, Magnetic Flux, Faraday’s Laws of Induction, Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy, Motional EMF, Inductance (Mutual and Self-Inductance), AC Generator. |
| 7 | Alternating Current | Introduction, AC Voltage Applied to Resistor, Phasor Representation, AC Voltage Applied to Inductor and Capacitor, AC Voltage in Series LCR Circuit (Phasor Diagram, Resonance), Power in AC Circuit, Power Factor, Transformers. |
| 8 | Electromagnetic Waves | Introduction, Displacement Current, Electromagnetic Waves (Sources, Nature), Electromagnetic Spectrum (Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays). |
| 9 | Ray Optics and Optical Instruments | Introduction, Reflection by Spherical Mirrors (Sign Convention, Mirror Equation), Refraction, Total Internal Reflection (Prism, Optical Fibres), Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses (Power, Combination of Lenses), Refraction through Prism, Optical Instruments (Microscope, Telescope). |
| 10 | Wave Optics | Introduction, Huygens Principle, Refraction and Reflection of Plane Waves (using Huygens Principle), Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves, Interference (Young’s Experiment, only formula of bright and dark fringes), Diffraction (Single Slit – qualitative study), Polarisation. |
| 11 | Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter | Introduction, Electron Emission, Photoelectric Effect (Hertz’s, Hallwach’s, Lenard’s observations), Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect (Effect of Intensity, Potential, Frequency), Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory, Einstein’s Equation, Photon Concept, Wave Nature of Matter. |
| 12 | Atoms | Introduction, Alpha-Particle Scattering, Rutherford’s Model (Trajectory, Electron Orbits), Atomic Spectra, Bohr Model (only formula of nth orbit radius), Energy Levels, Line Spectra of Hydrogen (Qualitative Study), de Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Postulate. |
| 13 | Nuclei | Introduction, Atomic Masses and Composition (Discovery of Neutron), Size of Nucleus, Mass-Energy and Binding Energy, Nuclear Force, Radioactivity, Nuclear Energy (Fission, Fusion, Energy in Stars, Controlled Fusion). |
| 14 | Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits | Introduction, Classification of Materials (based on conductivity and energy bands), Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors (n-type, p-type), p–n Junction (Formation), Semiconductor Diode (Forward and Reverse Bias), Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier. |
RBSE Class 12th Chemistry Syllabus 2025–26
Below, we’ve mentioned the RBSE Class 12th Chemistry Syllabus 2025-26:
| RBSE Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus 2025-26 | ||
| Unit No. | Unit Name | Main Topics Covered |
| 1 | Solutions | Types of Solutions (Solid, Liquid, Gaseous), Expressing Concentration, Solubility of Solids and Gases in Liquids, Henry’s Law, Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions, Raoult’s Law, Determination of Molecular Masses using Colligative Properties, Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions, Colligative Properties – Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure, Elevation of Boiling Point, Depression of Freezing Point, Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure, Reverse Osmosis and Water Purification, Abnormal Molar Masses, Van’t Hoff Factor. |
| 2 | Electrochemistry | Electrochemical Cells, Galvanic Cells, Measurement of Electrode Potential, Standard Electrode Potential, Nernst Equation and Applications, Equilibrium Constant from Nernst Equation, Electrochemical Cell and Gibbs Energy, Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions, Measurement of Conductivity, Molar Conductivity and Limiting Molar Conductivity, Variation of Conductivity with Concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis, Laws of Electrolysis, Products of Electrolysis, Primary and Secondary Batteries (Lead Accumulator), Fuel Cells, Corrosion. |
| 3 | Chemical Kinetics | Rate of Reaction (Average and Instantaneous), Factors Affecting Rate, Dependence on Concentration, Rate Expression and Rate Constant, Order and Molecularity, Integrated Rate Equations (Zero and First Order), Half-Life of Reaction, Temperature Dependence, Effect of Catalyst, Collision Theory, Activation Energy, Arrhenius Equation. |
| 4 | The d- and f-Block Elements | Position in Periodic Table, Electronic Configuration, General Properties of Transition Elements, Physical and Chemical Properties, Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes, Ionisation Enthalpy, Oxidation States, Standard Electrode Potentials (M²⁺/M and M³⁺/M²⁺), Stability Trends, Magnetic Properties, Coloured Ions, Complex Formation, Catalytic Properties, Interstitial Compounds, Alloys, Preparation and Properties of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄, Lanthanoids – Electronic Configuration, Lanthanoid Contraction, Oxidation States, Characteristics, Actinoids – Comparison with Lanthanoids, Applications of d- and f-Block Elements. |
| 5 | Coordination Compounds | Werner’s Theory, Important Terms, IUPAC Nomenclature of Mononuclear Compounds, Isomerism (Geometric, Optical, Linkage, Coordination, Ionisation, Solvate), Bonding – Valence Bond Theory, Crystal Field Theory, Colour in Coordination Compounds, Bonding in Metal Carbonyls, Shapes of Complexes, Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds. |
| 6 | Haloalkanes and Haloarenes | Classification (Based on Halogen Atoms and Bond Type), Compounds with sp³ and sp² C–X Bonds, Nomenclature, Nature of C–X Bond, Preparation of Haloalkanes (from Alcohols, Hydrocarbons, Halogen Exchange), Preparation of Haloarenes, Physical Properties, Reactions of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes, Optical Rotation, Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution, Polyhalogen Compounds – Dichloromethane, Chloroform, Iodoform, Carbon Tetrachloride, Freons, DDT. |
| 7 | Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers | Alcohols: Nomenclature, Preparation Methods, Physical and Chemical Properties (Primary Alcohols), Identification of Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Alcohols, Mechanism of Dehydration, Uses (Methanol, Ethanol).Phenols: Nomenclature, Preparation, Properties, Acidic Nature, Electrophilic Substitution, Uses.Ethers: Nomenclature, Preparation, Properties, Uses. |
| 8 | Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids | Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, Structure of Carbonyl Compounds, Preparation, Physical and Chemical Properties, Mechanism of Nucleophilic Addition, Reactivity of α-Hydrogen, Uses.Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, Acidic Nature, Preparation, Properties, Uses. |
| 9 | Amines | Classification, Structure, Nomenclature, Methods of Preparation, Physical and Chemical Properties, Basic Character of Amines, Preparation and Reactions of Diazonium Salts, Importance in Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds. |
| 10 | Biomolecules | Carbohydrates: Classification (Aldoses, Ketoses), Monosaccharides (Glucose, Fructose), Disaccharides (Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose), Polysaccharides (Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen), Importance.Proteins: Amino Acids, Peptide Bond, Structure, Denaturation.Enzymes: Mechanism of Action.Vitamins: Classification and Functions.Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA – Composition, Structure, Functions.Hormones: Elementary Idea (excluding structure). |
RBSE Class 12th Biology Syllabus 2025–26
Below, we’ve mentioned the RBSE Class 12th Biology Syllabus 2025-26:
|
RBSE Class 12th Biology Theory Syllabus |
||
|
Unit No. |
Unit Name |
Main Topics Covered |
|
Unit 6 |
Reproduction |
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants – Structure of flower, pre-fertilization events, stamen, microsporangium, pollen grain, pistil, megasporangium, embryo sac, pollination, double fertilisation, post-fertilisation events (endosperm, embryo, seed), apomixis and polyembryony. Human Reproduction – Male and female reproductive systems, gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilisation and implantation, pregnancy, embryonic development, parturition and lactation. Reproductive Health – Problems and strategies, population stabilisation, birth control methods, medical termination of pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, infertility. |
|
Unit 7 |
Genetics and Evolution |
Principles of Inheritance and Variation – Mendel’s laws, inheritance of one and two genes, chromosomal theory of inheritance, linkage and recombination, polygenic inheritance, pleiotropy, sex determination in humans and honeybee, mutations, genetic disorders (Mendelian and chromosomal), pedigree analysis. Molecular Basis of Inheritance – Structure and packaging of DNA, genetic material, replication, transcription, RNA types, translation, regulation of gene expression (lac operon), human genome project, DNA fingerprinting. Evolution – Origin of life, evidences of evolution, adaptive radiation, biological evolution, Hardy-Weinberg principle, mechanism of evolution, origin and evolution of man. |
|
Unit 8 |
Biology in Human Welfare |
Human Health and Disease – Common diseases, immunity (innate, acquired, active, passive), vaccination, allergies, autoimmunity, immune system, AIDS, cancer, drug and alcohol abuse, prevention and control. Microbes in Human Welfare – Role of microbes in household and industrial products, sewage treatment, biogas production, biocontrol agents, and biofertilisers. |
|
Unit 9 |
Biotechnology and Its Applications |
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes – Principles of biotechnology, tools of recombinant DNA technology (restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, competent hosts), processes of recombinant DNA technology (isolation, cutting, amplification, insertion, gene product, downstream processing). |
|
Unit 10 |
Ecology and Environment |
Organisms and Populations – Population attributes, growth, life history variations, population interactions. Ecosystem – Structure, function, productivity, decomposition, energy flow, ecological pyramids. Biodiversity and Conservation – Biodiversity on Earth and in India, importance of species diversity, loss of biodiversity, methods of conservation. |
RBSE 12th Syllabus 2025-26 Syllabus PDF
RBSE 12th Syllabus 2025-26 PDF is available for free on the official website. Students can download it for all subjects such as English, Hindi, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Accountancy, and more. The syllabus helps students to understand the topics covered in the exam and the marks weightage of each unit.
Downloading the RBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2025-26 PDF makes it easy to keep a copy on your device and use it for daily studies. Students can also take a printout for quick reference. For easy access, we’ve attached the RBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2025-26 PDF below.
RBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2025-26 PDF
RBSE Class 12th History Syllabus 2025-26
Below, we’ve mentioned the RBSE Class 12th History Syllabus of 2025-26:
| RBSE Class 12th History Syllabus 2025-26 | |
| Part / Themes | Chapters / Topics Covered |
| Themes in Indian History – Part I | |
| Theme 1: Bricks, Beads and Bones – The Harappan Civilisation | Beginnings, Subsistence Strategies – Agricultural technologies, Mohenjodaro – A Planned Urban Centre, Drains and domestic architecture, The Citadel, Tracking social differences (burials, luxuries), Craft production (centres, materials), Contact with distant lands, Seals, Scripts, Weights, Ancient Authority (palaces and kings), The End of Civilisation, Discovering the Harappan Civilisation, Problems of Piecing Together the Past. |
| Theme 2: Kings, Farmers and Towns – Early States and Economies (C. 600 BCE–600 CE) | Prinsep and Piyadassi, The Earliest States (Sixteen Mahajanapadas, Magadha), Mauryan Empire (administration, significance), New Notions of Kingship (South India, divine kings), Changing Countryside (land grants, rural elites), Towns and Trade (new cities, urban populations, coins, trade routes), Deciphering Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts, Limitations of inscriptional evidence. |
| Theme 3: Kinship, Caste and Class – Early Societies (C. 600 BCE–600 CE) | Mahabharata and its critical edition, Kinship and Marriage (rules and practices, patriliny, gotra, women’s role), Social Differences (caste, jatis, mobility, gendered property rights), Explaining Social Differences (resources and status, social contract), Handling Texts (language, content, authorship, convergence). |
| Theme 4: Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings – Cultural Developments (C. 600 BCE–600 CE) | Sanchi – a glimpse of architecture, Sacrifices and debates, The message of Mahavira (spread of Jainism), The Buddha (teachings, followers), Stupas (construction, structure, discovery), Sculpture and symbols, Popular traditions, Mahayana Buddhism, Puranic Hinduism, Building temples, Text and image interpretation. |
| Themes in Indian History – Part II | |
| Theme 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers – Perceptions of Society (C. 10th–17th Century) | Al-Biruni and Kitab-ul-Hind, Ibn Battuta’s Rihla, François Bernier’s accounts, Understanding Indian society (caste system, women, trade, communication), Comparing “East” and “West”, Complex social realities. |
| Theme 6: Bhakti–Sufi Traditions – Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts (C. 8th–18th Century) | Bhakti and devotional movements (Alvars and Nayanars, Virashaivas), Women devotees, Relation with state, Islamic traditions and Sufism (Khanqahs, Chishtis, Ziyarat, Qawwali), New devotional paths (Kabir, Guru Nanak, Mirabai), Reconstructing histories of religion. |
| Theme 7: An Imperial Capital – Vijayanagara (C. 14th–16th Century) | Discovery of Hampi, Rayas, Nayakas, and Sultans, Capital and Environs (water resources, fortifications, roads), Royal Centre (Mahanavami Dibba, buildings), Sacred Centre (Gopurams, mandapas, temples, bazaars), Protected monuments and structures. |
| Theme 8: Peasants, Zamindars and the State – Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire (C. 16th–17th Century) | Peasants and Agricultural Production, Irrigation, Technology, Crops, Village Community (panchayats, artisans, women), Forests and Tribes, Zamindars and Land Revenue System, Flow of Silver, Ain-i-Akbari of Abu’l Fazl. |
| Themes in Indian History – Part III | |
| Theme 9: Colonialism and the Countryside – Exploring Official Archives | Bengal and the Zamindars (auction in Burdwan, revenue issues), Rise of Jotedars, The Fifth Report, Deccan Riots, Peasant debt and injustice, Santals and tribal society, British revenue systems. |
| Theme 10: Rebels and the Raj – The Revolt of 1857 and Its Representations | Patterns of Rebellion, Leaders and followers, Rumours and prophecies, Awadh in revolt, Unity and alternative power, Repression and retribution, British and Nationalist imagery. |
| Theme 11: Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement – Civil Disobedience and Beyond | Gandhi’s early leadership, Non-Cooperation Movement, Salt Satyagraha, Quit India Movement, Gandhi as seen through newspapers, letters, and police reports. |
| Theme 12: Framing the Constitution – The Beginning of a New Era | Making of the Constituent Assembly, Vision of the Constitution, Defining Rights (separate electorates), Powers of the State, Language debate, The idea of the nation, Early years of independent India. |
RBSE Class 12th Economics Syllabus 2025–26
Below, we’ve mentioned the RBSE Class 12th Economics Syllabus of 2025-26:
| RBSE Class 12th Economics Syllabus 2025-26 | |
| Part / Unit | Chapter / Topics Covered |
| Part A: Macroeconomics | |
| Unit 1: Introduction | Emergence of Macroeconomics, Context of the Present Book of Macroeconomics, Importance and scope of macroeconomic study. |
| Unit 2: National Income Accounting | Concepts of National Income, Methods of measuring National Income, Components of National Income, Real and Nominal GDP, Limitations of National Income as a measure of welfare. |
| Unit 3: Money and Banking | Meaning and functions of Money, Supply of Money, Central Bank – its functions and role, Commercial Banks – credit creation, Monetary Policy, Role of Reserve Bank of India. |
| Unit 4: Determination of Income and Employment | Concept of aggregate demand and supply, Components of aggregate demand, Determination of equilibrium level of income and employment, Concept of multiplier, Problems of excess and deficient demand, Measures to correct disequilibrium. |
| Unit 5: Government Budget and the Economy | Meaning and objectives of Government Budget, Components of Budget – Revenue and Capital, Fiscal deficit, Revenue deficit, Budgetary policy and its role in the economy. |
| Unit 6: Open Economy – Macroeconomics | Meaning of open economy, Concepts of exports and imports, Balance of Payments, Foreign exchange rate and its determination, Effects of exchange rate changes on trade and economy. |
| Part B: Introductory Microeconomics | |
| Unit 1: Introduction | Definition, scope, and importance of Microeconomics, Central problems of an economy, Production possibility curve and opportunity cost. |
| Unit 2: Theory of Consumer Behaviour | Consumer’s equilibrium, Utility analysis, Indifference curve approach, Demand and its determinants, Elasticity of demand – meaning and measurement. |
| Unit 3: Concepts of Production and Costs | Production function – short run and long run, Total, Average, and Marginal Products, Law of variable proportions, Cost concepts – total, average, and marginal cost, Relationship between cost curves. |
| Unit 4: The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition | Meaning and features of perfect competition, Revenue concepts, Producer’s equilibrium, Supply – determinants and elasticity, Price determination under perfect competition. |
RBSE Class 12th Political Science Syllabus 2025–26
Below, we,ve mentioned the RBSE Class 12th Political Sciece Syllabus 2025-26:
| RBSE Class 12th Political Science Syllabus 2025-26 | |
| Part / Unit | Chapters / Topics Covered |
| Part A: Contemporary World Politics | |
| 1. The End of Bipolarity | The Soviet System, Gorbachev and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Consequences of disintegration, Shock therapy in post-communist regimes and its effects, Tension and conflicts in post-Soviet space, India and post-communist countries, India and the USSR. |
| 2. Contemporary Centres of Power | European Union, Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), The rise of the Chinese economy, India–China relations, Role of Japan and South Korea in world politics. |
| 3. Contemporary South Asia | Political developments in South Asia, Military and democracy in Pakistan, Democracy in Bangladesh, Monarchy and democracy in Nepal, Ethnic conflict and democracy in Sri Lanka, India–Pakistan conflicts, India’s relations with neighbours, Peace and cooperation in South Asia. |
| 4. International Organizations | Importance and evolution of international organisations, Role and reform of the UNO after the Cold War, Structure and process reforms, Jurisdiction of the UNO, India and UNO reforms, UNO in a unipolar world, IMF, World Bank, WTO, IAEA, Role of NGOs like Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. |
| 5. Security in the Contemporary World | Meaning and types of security, Traditional notions – external and internal security, Traditional security and cooperation, Non-traditional threats (terrorism, human rights, environment), India’s security strategy. |
| 6. Environment and Natural Resources | Global environmental concerns, Protection of global commons, Common but differentiated responsibilities, India’s stand on environmental issues, Environmental movements, Resource geopolitics, Indigenous people and their rights, Sacred groves in India. |
| 7. Globalisation | Concept and meaning of globalisation, Causes and consequences – political, economic, and cultural, India and globalisation, Resistance to globalisation, India’s role in globalisation debates. |
| Part B: Politics in India Since Independence | |
| 8. Challenges of Nation Building | Challenges for the new nation, Partition and its consequences, Rehabilitation of refugees, Integration of princely states (Hyderabad, Manipur), Reorganisation of states, Creation of new states, Mahatma Gandhi’s role and sacrifice. |
| 9. Era of One-Party Dominance | Building democracy after independence, Congress dominance in first three general elections, Nature of dominance, Emergence of opposition parties (Socialist Party, Communist Party of India, Bharatiya Jana Sangh). |
| 10. Politics of Planned Development | Concept of development, Planning and its political aspects, Early initiatives and first five-year plan, Rapid industrialisation, Decentralised planning, Role of Planning Commission and transition to NITI Aayog. |
| 11. India’s External Relations | International context after independence, Policy of non-alignment and Nehru’s role, Afro-Asian unity, Relations with China (1962 war), Relations with Pakistan (wars and peace efforts), Bangladesh War (1971), Kargil conflict, India’s nuclear policy and programme. |
| 12. Challenge to and Restoration of the Congress System | Political succession after Nehru, Fourth general elections (1967), Rise of non-Congress parties, Coalitions and defections, Indira Gandhi vs the Syndicate, Presidential election (1969), Congress split and restoration (1971), Abolition of privy purses. |
| 13. The Crisis of the Democratic Order | Background to the Emergency, Gujarat and Bihar movements, Conflict with judiciary, Declaration of Emergency (1975–77), Political lessons, Post-emergency developments, Lok Sabha elections (1977). |
| 14. Regional Aspirations | Regionalism and national integration, Areas of tension – Jammu & Kashmir (internal and external disputes), Punjab (violence and peace), North-East (demands for autonomy, secessionist movements, anti-outsider movements), Sikkim’s merger, Goa’s liberation, Dravidian movement. |
| 15. Recent Developments in Indian Politics | Politics of the 1990s – Coalition era, Decline of Congress, Rise of regional parties, Role of Other Backward Classes (Mandal Commission), Political and social impacts, Communalism and secularism, Ayodhya dispute, Demolition and aftermath, Emergence of new political consensus. |
RBSE Class 12th Geography Syllabus 2025-26
Below, we’ve mentioned the geography syllabus of 2025-26:
| RBSE Class 12th Geography Syllabus 2025-26 | ||
| Part | Units / Chapters | Topics Covered |
| Part A: Fundamentals of Human Geography | Unit 1: Human Geography – Nature and Scope | Nature and Scope of Human Geography, Relationship Between Human and Nature, Development of Human Geography, Approaches to Human Geography |
| Unit 2: People | Population of the World, Distribution, Density and Growth, Factors Influencing Population Distribution, Population Change, Demographic Transition, Human Development, Human Poverty Index | |
| Unit 3: Human Activities | Primary Activities (Agriculture, Fishing, Mining, Forestry), Secondary Activities (Manufacturing), Tertiary and Quaternary Activities, Distribution and Significance of Major Industries, Factors Influencing Location of Industries | |
| Unit 4: Transport, Communication and Trade | Land, Water, and Air Transport, Modern Means of Communication, International Trade, Changing Patterns of Trade | |
| Unit 5: Human Settlements | Types and Patterns of Settlements (Rural and Urban), Urbanization, Problems of Urban Settlements, Role of Urban Planning | |
| Part B: India — People and Economy | Unit 6: People | Population of India, Growth and Distribution, Demographic Attributes — Age, Sex Ratio, Literacy, Rural-Urban Composition |
| Unit 7: Human Settlements | Types of Rural Settlements, Urban Settlements, Distribution and Classification of Towns, Urbanization in India | |
| Unit 8: Resources and Development | Land Resources, Land Use Pattern, Water Resources, Agriculture — Types and Cropping Patterns, Development of Irrigation, Mineral and Energy Resources, Industries — Types, Location, and Distribution | |
| Unit 9: Transport, Communication and International Trade | Roadways, Railways, Waterways, Airways, Pipelines, Communication System, International Trade — Ports and Trade Routes | |
| Unit 10: Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems | Environmental Pollution — Types and Consequences, Urban Waste Disposal, Urbanization, Rural-Urban Migration, Land Degradation, Measures for Environmental Conservation | |
| Practical Work (Part C) | Map Work and Data Analysis | Map Interpretation, Data Presentation (Graphs, Diagrams, Charts), Identification and Marking of Geographical Features of India and the World |
RBSE Class 12th Accountancy Syllabus 2025-26
Below, we’ve mentioned the RBSE Class 12th Accountancy Syllabus 2025-26:
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RBSE Class 12th Accountancy Syllabus 2026 |
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Part / Unit |
Chapters / Topics |
Key Concepts Covered |
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Part A: Accounting for Partnership Firms and Not-for-Profit Organizations |
1. Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts |
• Nature and Features of Partnership • Partnership Deed – Meaning, Types, and Contents • Provisions of Partnership Act relevant for accounting • Capital Accounts – Fixed and Fluctuating Methods • Profit and Loss Appropriation Account • Adjustments – Interest on Capital, Interest on Drawings, Salary, Commission, and Guarantee of Profit • Past Adjustments related to capital, drawings, salary, commission, etc. |
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2. Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Admission of a Partner |
• Meaning and Modes of Reconstitution • Admission of a New Partner • New Profit Sharing Ratio and Sacrificing Ratio • Goodwill – Meaning, Factors, Need, and Methods of Valuation • Treatment of Goodwill and Hidden Goodwill • Adjustment for Accumulated Profits and Losses • Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities • Adjustment of Capitals and Change in Profit Sharing Ratio |
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3. Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Retirement/Death of a Partner |
• Calculation of Amount Due to Retiring/Deceased Partner • New Profit Sharing and Gaining Ratio • Treatment of Goodwill (When Appears and When Does Not Appear in Books) • Hidden Goodwill • Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities • Adjustment for Accumulated Profits and Losses • Disposal of Amount Due to Retiring Partner • Adjustment of Partners’ Capitals • Accounting Treatment on Death of a Partner |
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4. Dissolution of a Partnership Firm |
• Meaning and Ways of Dissolution • Difference between Dissolution of Partnership and Firm • Settlement of Accounts • Realisation Account, Partners’ Capital Account, and Cash/Bank Account • Journal Entries related to Dissolution |
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Part B: Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements |
1. Accounting for Share Capital |
• Meaning and Features of a Company • Types and Classes of Companies • Share Capital – Meaning and Categories • Nature and Types of Shares (Preference and Equity) • Issue of Shares – At Par, Premium, and Discount • Accounting for Issue, Forfeiture, and Reissue of Shares |
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2. Issue and Redemption of Debentures |
• Meaning and Features of Debentures • Distinction between Shares and Debentures • Types and Issue of Debentures – For Cash, At Par, Premium, Discount • Over Subscription and Issue for Non-Cash Consideration • Debentures as Collateral Security • Terms of Issue and Interest on Debentures • Writing Off Discount/Loss on Issue of Debentures |
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3. Financial Statements of a Company |
• Meaning, Nature, and Objectives • Types – Statement of Profit & Loss and Balance Sheet (as per Schedule III) • Uses, Importance, and Limitations of Financial Statements |
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4. Accounting Ratios |
• Meaning, Objectives, and Advantages • Limitations of Ratio Analysis • Types of Ratios – Liquidity, Solvency, Activity (Turnover), and Profitability Ratios • Functional Classification of Ratios |
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5. Cash Flow Statement |
• Meaning and Objectives • Benefits of Cash Flow Statement • Cash and Cash Equivalents • Classification of Activities – Operating, Investing, and Financing • Calculation of Cash Flow from Operating Activities (Direct and Indirect Methods) • Cash Flow from Investing and Financing Activities • Preparation of Complete Cash Flow Statement |
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Practical Syllabus (Total Marks – 30)
Below, we’ve mentioned the practical syllabus of the RBSE Class 12th Biology syllabus 2025-26:
| Practical Syllabus | |
| Component | Marks |
| Botany Major Exercise | 04 |
| Zoology Major Exercise | 04 |
| Botany Minor Exercise | 03 |
| Zoology Minor Exercise | 03 |
| Spots (Botany + Zoology) | 06 |
| Investigatory Project | 04 |
| Practical Record | 04 |
| Viva-Voce | 02 |
| Total | 30 |
List of Experiments
Below, we’ve mentioned the list of experiments for the RBSE class 12th syllabus of biology:
Botany Major Experiments
- Study of reproductive parts of common flowers (Pea, China rose, Mustard).
- Preparation of temporary stained slide of onion root tip to study mitosis.
- Study of plant population density by quadrat method.
- Study of plant population frequency by quadrat method.
- Study of various stages of female gametophyte development in a flower.
- Staining of nucleic acid by acetocarmine.
Zoology Major Experiments
- Study texture of different soil samples.
- Determine water holding capacity of soil.
- Determine pH of water and soil samples.
- Analyse living organisms in water samples.
- Study turbidity of water samples.
- Determine amount of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in air at different sites.
Botany Minor Experiments
- Determine the percentage of pollen germination.
- Study the development of the pollen tube on the stigma.
- Study different stages of meiosis by permanent slides.
- Verify Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment.
- Study homologous and analogous organs in plants.
Zoology Minor Experiments
- Study the blastula stage of embryonic development in mammals.
- Verify Mendel’s Law of Segregation.
- Study homologous and analogous organs in animals.
- Preparation and analysis of pedigree charts.
Spots (Identification Section)
Below, we’ve mentioned the identification section of biology:
| Type | Examples |
| Botany Spots | - Perform emasculation, bagging, and tagging for controlled pollination.- Xeric condition plant (Cactus, Euphorbia).- Hydric condition plant (Hydrilla, Vallisneria). |
| Zoology Spots | - Permanent slide of T.S. of testis or ovary.- Slide or diagram of Entamoeba, Plasmodium vivax, Ascaris, Trichophyton.- Xeric or Hydric condition animal (anyone). |