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UPSC Mains Previous Year Question Paper, Download Topic Wise PDF

UPSC Mains Previous Year Question paper will help understand exam patterns and improve answer writing skills effectively for UPSC Mains 2025 exam cycle. Download UPSC Mains PYQs for effective preparation from here.
authorImageSheetal Gaur2 Jun, 2025
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UPSC Mains PYQ Topic Wise

UPSC Mains PYQs: Preparing for the UPSC Mains exam requires a thorough understanding of the syllabus, as well as extensive practice with the format and types of questions that are asked. If you are preparing for the UPSC Mains 2025 exam, then exploring the UPSC topic wise previous year questions is a must. Solving UPSC Mains PYQ papers will help you identify important topics, understand the pattern of questions, and gauge the level of difficulty. Keep on reading to get complete insights on UPSC Mains previous year questions and get the download link.

UPSC Mains GS Paper 1 Topic-Wise PYQs

UPSC  Mains previous year papers can generally be found on the official UPSC website. PW OnlyIAS has provided topice-wise solved UPSC Mains previous year question papers to support your preparation. Here is the link to access UPSC Mains Subject-Wise Previous Year Papers:

UPSC Mains PYQs Topic-Wise - GS Paper 1

For effective preparation of UPSC Mains GS Paper 1, it’s essential to use previous years’ questions to understand the exam pattern and key topics. Here’s the direct link to UPSC Mains PYQ solved PDF:

Modern History

Here we have provided UPSC Mains PYQ Topic Wise for Modern History:

2024

UPSC Mains 2024 PYQs for Modern History are given here:
Q.1 What were the events that led to the Quit India Movement? Point out its results.
Q.2 “Though the great Cholas are no more yet their name is still remembered with great pride because of their highest achievements in the domain of art and architecture”. Comment.
Q.3 How far was the Industrial Revolution in England responsible for the decline of handicrafts and cottage industries in India?

2023

UPSC Mains 2023 PYQs for Modern History are given here:
Q.1 What was the difference between Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore in their approach towards education and nationalism? (150 words, 10 Marks)
Q.2 How did colonial rule affect the tribals in India and what was the tribal response to the colonial oppression? (250 words, 15 Marks)

2022

UPSC Mains 2022 PYQs for Modern History are given here:
Q. Why did the armies of the British East India Company – mostly comprising of Indian soldiers – win consistently against the more numerous and better equipped armies of the Indian rulers? Give reasons. (150 words, 10 marks)
Q.2 Why was there a sudden spurt in famines in colonial India since the mid-eighteenth century? Give reasons. (150 words, 10 marks)

2021

UPSC Mains 2021 PYQs for Modern History are given here:
Q.1 Trace the rise and growth of socio-religious reform movements with special reference to Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj. (150 words, 10 Marks)
Q.2 To what extent did the role of the moderates prepare a base for the wider freedom movement? Comment. (250 words, 15 Marks)

Art & Culture

Check out the UPSC Mains Subject-Wise previous year questions for the Art & Culture topic from below:

2024

UPSC Mains 2024 PYQs for Art and Culture are given here:
Q.1 Underline the changes in the field of society and economy from the Rig Vedic to the later Vedic period.
Q.2 Estimate the contribution of Pallavas of Kanchi for the development of art and literature of South India.

2023

UPSC Mains 2023 PYQs for Art and Culture are given here:
Q.1 Explain the role of geographical factors towards the development of Ancient India. (150 words, 10 Marks)

2022

UPSC Mains 2022 PYQs for Art and Culture are given here:
Q.1 How will you explain the medieval Indian temple sculptures represent the social life of those days? (150 words, 10 Marks)
Q.2 Discuss the main contributions of Gupta period and Chola period to Indian heritage and culture. (250 words, 15 Marks)
Q.3 Discuss the significance of the lion and bull figures in Indian mythology, art and architecture. (250 words, 15 Marks)

2021

Check UPSC Mains 2021 PYQ here:
Q. Evaluate the nature of the Bhakti Literature and its contribution to Indian culture. (150 words, 10 Marks)

Post-Independence India

Explore the previous years' UPSC Mains subject-wise questions for Post-Independence India below:
2022
Q.1 The political and administrative reorganization of states and territories has been a continuous ongoing process since the mid-nineteenth century. Discuss with examples. (250 words, 15 marks)
2021
Q.1 Assess the main administrative issues and socio-cultural problems in the integration process of Indian Princely States. (150 words, 10 Marks)
2018
Q.1 Throw light on the significance of the thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi in the present times. (150 words, 10 Marks)
Q.2 Discuss whether the formation of new states in recent times is beneficial or not for the economy of India? (250 words, 15 Marks)

World History

For World History, find the UPSC Mains Subject-Wise previous year questions from below:
2024
Q.1 How far is it correct to say that the First World War was fought essentially for the preservation of balance of power?
2021
Q.1 “There arose a serious challenge to the Democratic State System between the two World Wars.” Evaluate the statement. (250 words, 15 Marks)
2019
Q.1 Explain how the foundations of the modern world were laid by the American and French Revolutions. (250 words, 15 Marks)
2017
Q.1 What problems are germane to the decolonization process in the Malay Peninsula? (10 marks, 150 words)

Indian Society

Here we have provided UPSC Mains PYQ Topic Wise for Indian Society:

2024

UPSC Mains 2024 PYQs in Indian Society are given here:
Q.1 Distinguish between gender equality, gender equity and women’s empowerment. Why is it important to take gender concerns into account in programme design and implementation?
Q.2 Intercaste marriages between castes which have socio-economic parity have increased, to some extent, but this is less true of interreligious marriages. Discuss.
Q.3 In dealing with socio-economic issues of development, what kind of collaboration between government, NGOs and private sector would be most productive?
Q.4 What is regional disparity? How does it differ from diversity? How serious is the issue of regional disparity in India?
Q.5 Despite comprehensive policies for equity and social justice, underprivileged sections are not yet getting the full benefits of affirmative action envisaged by the Constitution. Comment.
Q.6 Globalisation has increased urban migration by skilled, young, unmarried women from various classes. How has this trend impacted upon their personal freedom and relationship with family?
Q.7 Critically analyse the proposition that there is a high correlation between India’s cultural diversities and socio-economic marginalities.

2023

UPSC Mains 2023 PYQs are given here:
Q.1 Do you think marriage as a sacrament is loosing its value in Modern India? (150 words, 10 Marks)
Q.2 Explain why suicide among young women is increasing in Indian society. (150 words, 10 Marks)
Q.3 Child cuddling is now being replaced by mobile phones. Discuss its impact on the socialization of children. (150 words, 10 Marks)

2022

Check out UPSC Mains 2022 PYQs here:
Q.1 Explore and evaluate the impact of ‘Work from Home’ on family relationships. (150 words, 10 Marks)
Q.2 How is the growth of Tier 2 cities related to the rise of a new middle class with an emphasis on the culture of consumption? (150 words, 10 Marks)

2021

Indian Society UPSC Mains 2021 PYQs are given here:
Q.1 Examine the uniqueness of tribal knowledge systems when compared with mainstream knowledge and cultural systems. (150 words, 10 Marks)
Q.2 Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India. (150 words, 10 Marks)

Geography

Here we have provided UPSC Mains PYQ Topic Wise for Geography:

2024

UPSC Mains 2024 PYQs for Geography are given here:
Q.1 What is sea surface temperature rise? How does it affect the formation of tropical cyclones?
Q.2 Why do large cities tend to attract more migrants than smaller towns? Discuss in the light of conditions in developing countries.
Q.3 What is the phenomenon of ‘cloudbursts’? Explain.
Q.4 What is the concept of a ‘demographic winter’? Is the world moving towards such a situation? Elaborate.
Q.5 The groundwater potential of the Gangetic valley is on a serious decline. How may it affect the food security of India?
Q.6 What are aurora australis and aurora borealis? How are these triggered?
Q.7 What is a twister? Why are the majority of twisters observed in areas around the Gulf of Mexico?

2023

UPSC Mains 2023 PYQs for Geography are given here:
Q.1 Discuss the consequences of climate change on the food security in tropical countries. (150 words, 10 Marks)
Q.2 Why is the world today confronted with a crisis of availability of and access to freshwater resources? (150 words, 10 Marks)
Q.3 How are the Fjords formed? Why do they constitute some of the most picturesque areas of the world? (150 words, 10 Marks)

2022

UPSC Mains 2022 PYQs for Geography are given here:
Q.1 Describe the characteristics and types of primary rocks. [150 Words, 10 Marks]
Q.2 Discuss the meaning of color-coded weather warnings for cyclone prone areas given by India Meteorological department. [150 Words, 10 Marks]

 

2021

UPSC Mains 2021 PYQs for Geography are given here:
Q.1 Briefly mention the alignment of major mountain ranges of the world and explain their impact on local weather conditions, with examples. [250 Words, 15 Marks]
Q.2 Differentiate the causes of landslides in the Himalayan region and western Ghat. [150 Words, 10 Marks]

UPSC Mains PYQs Topic-Wise - GS Paper 2

While preparing for UPSC Mains GS Paper 2, it's essential to use the UPSC Mains PYQ solved PDF, which can be accessed from here:

Indian Polity

Here we have provided UPSC Mains PYQ Topic Wise for Indian Polity:

2024

Indian Polity UPSC Mains 2024 PYQs are given here:
Q.1 Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference to “one nation-one election principle.
Q.2 Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals. Whether they entertain civil as well as criminal cases?
Q.3 “The growth of the cabinet system has practically resulted in the marginalisation of parliamentary supremacy” Elucidate.
Q.4 “The duty of the Comptroller and Auditor General is not merely to ensure the legality of expenditure but also its propriety.” Comment.
Q.5 Analyse the role of local bodies in providing good governance at local level and bring out the pros and cons of merging the rural local bodies with the urban local bodies.
Q.6 What are the aims and objectives of recently passed and enforced, The Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024. Whether University/State Education Board examinations, too, are covered under the Act?
Q.7 Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and is inherently protected under Article 21 of the constitution. Explain. In this reference, discuss the law relating to D.N.A. testing of a child in the womb to establish its paternity.
Q.8 What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the domain of Centre-State relations? Suggest measures to be adopted to build the trust between the Centre and the States and for strengthening federalism.
Q.9 Explain the reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India. As a result of it, has the Indian Supreme Court emerged as the world’s most powerful judiciary?
Q.10 Discuss India as a secular state and compare it with the secular principles of the US constitution.

2023

Indian Polity UPSC Mains 2023 PYQs are given here:
Q. “Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is a prerequisite of democracy.” Comment. (150 words, 10 marks)
Q.2 Who are entitled to receive free legal aid? Assess the role of the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) in rendering free legal aid in India. (150 words, 10 marks)
Q.3 “The states in India seem reluctant to empower urban local bodies both functionally as well as financially.” Comment. (150 words, 10 marks)

2022

Indian Polity UPSC Mains 2022 PYQs are given here:
Q.1 “The most significant achievement of modern law in India is the constitutionalization of environmental problems by the Supreme Court.” Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case laws. (150 words, 10 Marks)
Q.2 “Right of movement and residence throughout the territory of India are freely available to the Indian citizens, but these rights are not absolute. “ Comment. (150 words, 10 Marks)

2021

Indian Polity UPSC Mains 2021 PYQs are given here:
Q.1 ‘Constitutional Morality’ is rooted in the Constitution itself and is founded on its essential facets. Explain the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial decisions. (150 words, 10 Marks)
Q.2 Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. (150 words, 10 Marks)

Governance

Here we have provided UPSC Mains PYQ Topic Wise for Governance:

2024

Governance UPSC Mains 2024 PYQs are given here:
Q.1 Public charitable trusts have the potential to make India’s development more inclusive as they relate to certain vital public issues. Comment.
Q.2 The Doctrine of Democratic Governance makes it necessary that the public perception of the integrity and commitment of civil servants becomes absolutely positive. Discuss.
Q.3 The Citizens’ charter has been a landmark initiative in ensuring citizen-centric administration. But it is yet to reach its full potential. Identify the factors hindering the realisation of its promise and suggest measures to overcome them.
Q.4 e-governance is not just about the routine application of digital technology in the service delivery process. It is as much about multifarious interactions for ensuring transparency and accountability. In this context evaluate the role of the ‘Interactive Service Model’ of e-governance.

2023

Governance UPSC Mains 2023 PYQs are given here:
Q.1 The crucial aspect of the development process has been the inadequate attention paid to Human Resource Development in India. Suggest measures that can address this inadequacy. (150 words, 10 marks)
Q.2 Discuss the role of the Competition Commission of India in containing the abuse of dominant position by the Multi-National Corporations in India. Refer to the recent decisions. (150 words, 10 marks)

2022

Governance UPSC Mains 2022 PYQs are given here:
Q.1 To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots? (150 words, 10 Marks)
Q.2 The Gati-Shakti Yojana needs meticulous co-ordination between the government and the private sector to achieve the goal of connectivity. Discuss. (150 words, 10 Marks)

2021

Governance UPSC Mains 2021 PYQs are given here:
Q.1 Pressure groups play a vital role in influencing public policy making in India.” Explain how the business associations contribute to public policies. (150 words, 10 Marks)
Q.2 Has digital illiteracy, particularly in rural areas, coupled with lack of Information and Communication Technology(ICT) accessibility hindered socio-economic development? Examine with justification. (150 words, 10 Marks)

International Relations

Here we have provided UPSC Mains PYQ Topic Wise for International Relations:

2024

International Relations UPSC Mains 2024 PYQs are given here:
Q.1 The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance. Explain this statement with examples.
Q.2 Critically analyse India’s evolving diplomatic, economic and strategic relations with the Central Asian Republics (CARs) highlighting their increasing significance in regional and global geopolitics.
Q.3 “Terrorism has become a significant threat to global peace and security.’ Evaluate the effectiveness of the United Nations Security Council’s Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC) and its associated bodies in addressing and mitigating this threat at the international level.
Q.4 Discuss the geopolitical and geostrategic importance of Maldives for India with a focus on global trade and energy flows. Further also discuss how this relationship affects India’s maritime security and regional stability amidst international competition?

2023

International Relations UPSC Mains 2021 PYQs are given here:
Q. ‘Virus of Conflict is affecting the functioning of the SCO’. In the light of the above statement, point out the role of India in mitigating the problems. (150 words, 10 marks)
Q. The Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West. Describe its economic and political benefits for India. (150 words, 10 marks)

2022

International Relations UPSC Mains 2022 PYQs are given here:
Q. ‘India is an age -old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement.
Q. Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organization like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organization?

2021

International Relations UPSC Mains 2021 PYQs are given here:
Q. “If the last few decades were of Asian’s.” In the light of this statement, examine India’s influence in Africa in recent years.[150 words, 10 Marks].
Q. The newly tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the Indo-Pacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing partnership in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenario. [250 Words, 15 Marks].

Social Justice

Here we have provided UPSC Mains PYQ Topic Wise for Social Justice:

2024

Social Justice UPSC Mains 2024 PYQs are given here:
Q.1 Poverty and malnutrition create a vicious cycle, adversely affecting human capital formation. What steps can be taken to break the cycle?
Q.2 In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level.

2022

Social Justice UPSC Mains 2022 PYQs are given here:
Q. Besides the welfare schemes, India needs deft management of inflation and unemployment to serve the poor and the underprivileged sections of the society. Discuss. (250 words, 15 Marks)
Q. Do you agree with the view that increasing dependence on donor agencies for development reduces the importance of community participation in the development process? Justify your answer. (250 words, 15 Marks)

2021

Social Justice UPSC Mains 2021 PYQ is given here:
Q. “Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse. (150 words, 10 marks)

2020

Social Justice UPSC Mains 2020 PYQ is given here:
Q. In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss. (150 words, 10 marks)

UPSC Mains PYQs Topic-Wise - GS Paper 3

To approach UPSC Mains GS Paper 3, candidates can use the UPSC Mains PYQ solved PDF, which is shared subject-wise:

Indian Economy

Here we have provided UPSC Mains Subject-wise previous year questions for the Indian Economy:

2024

Indian Economy UPSC Mains 2024 PYQs are given here:
Q.1 Examine the pattern and trend of public expenditure on social services in the post-reforms period in India. To what extent this has been in consonance with achieving the objective of inclusive growth?
Q.2 What are the causes of persistent high food inflation in India? Comment on the effectiveness of the monetary policy of the RBI to control this type of inflation.
Q.3 What were the factors responsible for the successful implementation of land reforms in some parts of the country? Elaborate
Q.4 Explain the role of millets for ensuring health and nutritional security in India.
Q.5 Discuss the merits and demerits of the four ‘Labour Codes’ in the context of labour market reforms in India. What has been the progress so far in this regard?
Q.6 What is the need for expanding the regional air connectivity in India? In this context, discuss the government’s UDAN Scheme and its achievements.
Q.7 What are the major challenges faced by the Indian irrigation system in recent times? State the measures taken by the government for efficient irrigation management.
Q.8 Elucidate the importance of buffer stocks for stabilizing agricultural prices in India. What are the challenges associated with the storage of buffer stock? Discuss.

2023-2021

Indian Economy UPSC Mains PYQs from 2021 to 2023 are given here:
2023
Q. Faster economic growth requires increased share of the manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on the present policies of the Government in this regard. (150 words, 10 Marks)
Q. What is the status of digitalization in the Indian economy? Examine the problems faced in this regard and suggest improvements. (150 words, 10 Marks)
2022
Q. Why is Public Private Partnership (PPP) required in Infrastructure projects? Examine the role of the PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India. (150 words, 10 Marks)
2021
Q. Explain the difference between computing methodology of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015. (150 words, 10 Marks)
Click Here for Complete Indian Economy Questions

Environment

Here we have provided UPSC Mains Subject-wise previous year questions for Environment:

2024

Environment UPSC Mains 2024 PYQs are given here:
Q.1 Industrial pollution of river water is a significant environmental issue in India. Discuss the various mitigation measures to deal with this problem and also the government’s initiatives in this regard. (Answer in 150 words)
Q.2 What role do environmental NGOs and activists play in influencing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) outcomes for major projects in India? Cite four examples with all important details. (Answer in 150 words)
Q.3 The world is facing an acute shortage of clean and safe freshwater. What are the alternative technologies which can solve this crisis? Briefly discuss any three such technologies citing their key merits and demerits. (Answer in 250 words)

2023

Environment UPSC Mains 2023 PYQs are given here:
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted a global sea level rise of about one metre by AD 2100. What would be its impact in India and the other countries in the Indian Ocean region? (250 words, 15 Marks)
Q. What is oil pollution? What are its impacts on the marine ecosystem? In what way is oil pollution particularly harmful for a country like India? (150 words, 10 Marks)
Q. Comment on the National Wetland Conservation Programme initiated by the Government of India and name a few of India’s wetlands of international importance included in the Ramsar Sites. (250 words, 15 Marks)

2022

Environment UPSC Mains 2022 PYQs are given here:

Q.1 Discuss global warming and mention its effects on global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gasses which cause global warming in the light of the Kyoto Protocol 1997. [250 words, 15 Marks]

Q. 2 Discuss in detail the photochemical smog emphasizing its formation, effects and mitigation. Explain the 1999 Gothenburg Protocol.[150 words, 10 Marks]

Q.3 Explain the causes and effects of coastal erosion in India. What are the available coastal management techniques for combating the hazard? [250 words, 15 Marks]

2021

Environment UPSC Mains 2021 PYQs are given here:
2021
Q. Describe the major outcome of the 26th session of the Conference of Parties [COP] to the United Nations Framework conversation on climate change [UNFCCC]. What are the commitments made by India in this conference [250 Words, 15 Marks]
Click Here for More PYQs

Disaster Management

Here we have provided UPSC Mains Subject-wise previous year questions for Disaster Management:

2024

Disaster Management UPSC Mains 2024 PYQs are given here:
Q.1 What is disaster resilience? How is it determined? Describe various elements of a resilience framework. Also mention the global targets of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030). (Answer in 250 words)
Q.2 Flooding in urban areas is an emerging climate-induced disaster. Discuss the causes of this disaster. Mention the features of two such major floods in the last two decades in India. Describe the policies and frameworks in India that aim at tackling such floods. (Answer in 250 words)

2023-2021

Disaster Management UPSC Mains PYQs are given here:
2023
Q. Dam failures are always catastrophic, especially on the downstream side, resulting in a colossal loss of life and property. Analyze the various causes of dam failures. Give two examples of large dam failures. (150 words, 10 Marks)
2022
Q. Explain the mechanism and occurrence of cloudburst in the context of the Indian subcontinent. Discuss two recent examples. [150 Words, 10 Marks]
2021
Q. Describe the various causes and the effects of landslides. Mention components of the important components of National Landslide Risk Management strategy. [250 Words,15 Marks]
Q. Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake related hazards. Give examples including the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades. [150 words, 10 Marks]
Click Here for More PYQs

Internal Security

Here we have provided UPSC Mains PYQ Topic Wise for Internal Security:

2024

Internal Security UPSC Mains 2024 PYQs are given here:
Q.1 Explain how narco-terrorism has emerged as a serious threat across the country. Suggest suitable measures to counter narco-terrorism. (Answer in 150 words)
Q.2 Describe the context and salient features of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. (Answer in 150 words)
Q.3 India has a long and troubled border with China and Pakistan fraught with contentious issues. Examine the conflicting issues and security challenges along the border. Also give out the development being undertaken in these areas under the Border Area Development Programme (BADP) and Border Infrastructure and Management (BIM) Scheme. (Answer in 250 words)
Q.4 Social media and encrypting messaging services pose a serious security challenge. What measures have been adopted at various levels to address the security implications of social media? Also suggest any other remedies to address the problem.

2023-2021

Internal Security UPSC Mains PYQs are given here:
2023
Q. Winning of ‘Hearts and Minds’ in terrorism-affected areas is an essential step in restoring the trust of the population. Discuss the measures adopted by the Government in this respect as part of the conflict resolution in Jammu and Kashmir. (150 words, 10 Marks)
Q. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by our adversaries across the borders to ferry arms/ammunitions, drugs, etc., is a serious threat to internal security. Comment on the measures being taken to tackle this threat. (150 words, 10 Marks)
2022
Q. Discuss the types of organised crimes. Describe the linkages between terrorists and organised crime that exist at the national and transnational levels. (150 words, 10 Marks)
2021
Q. How is the S-400 air defense system technically superior to any other system presently available in the world? (150 words, 10 Marks)
Click Here for More PYQs

Science & Technology

Here we have provided UPSC Mains Subject-wise previous year questions for Science & Technology:

2024

Science and Technology UPSC Mains 2024 PYQs are given here:
Q.1 What is the present world scenario of intellectual property rights with respect to life materials? Although India is second in the world to file patents, still only a few have been commercialised. Explain the reasons behind this less commercialization.
Q.2 What is the technology being employed for electronic toll collection on highways? What are its advantages and limitations? What are the proposed changes that will make this process seamless? Would this transition carry any potential hazards?
Q.3 What are asteroids? How real is the threat of them causing extinction of life? What strategies have been developed to prevent such a catastrophe?

2023-2021

Science and Technology UPSC Mains PYQs are given here:
2023
Q.1 Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does Al help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to privacy of the individual in the use of Al in healthcare? (150 words, 10 Marks)
2022
Q. Launched on 25th December, 2021, James Webb Space Telescope has been much in the news since then. What are its unique features which make it superior to its predecessor Space Telescopes? What are the key goals of this mission? What potential benefits does it hold for the human race? (250 words, 15 marks)
2021
Q. How is the S-400 air defense system technically superior to any other system presently available in the world? (150 words, 10 Marks)
Click Here for More PYQs

UPSC Mains PYQs Topic-Wise - GS Paper 4

The UPSC Mains PYQ solved PDF for GS 4 Paper will help in understanding the demand of this exam. Here is section wise link to Ethics solved questions:

Ethics (Section A)

Here we have provided UPSC Mains PYQ Topic Wise for the Ethics (Section A): 2024
Q.1 1(a). The application of Artificial Intelligence as a dependable source of input for administrative rational decision-making is a debatable issue. Critically examine the statement from the ethical point of view. (Answer in 150 words)
Q.2 1(b) “Ethics encompasses several key dimensions that are crucial in guiding individuals and organisations towards morally responsible behaviour.” Explain the key dimensions of ethics that influence human actions. Discuss how these dimensions shape ethical decision-making in the professional context.
Q.3 2 (a) “It is not enough to talk about peace, one must believe in it; and it is not enough to believe in it, one must act upon it,” In the present context, the major weapon industries of the developed nations are adversely influencing continuation of number of wars for their own self-interest, all around the world. What are the ethical considerations of the powerful nations in today’s international arena to stop continuation of ongoing conflicts?
Q.4 2 (b) Global warming and climate change are the outcomes of human greed in the name of development, indicating the direction in which extinction of organisms including human beings is heading towards loss of life on Earth. How do you put an end to this to protect life and bring equilibrium between the society and the environment?

Click Here for Full Paper

2023-2021

UPSC Mains Ethics PYQs are given here:
2023
Q. What do you understand by ‘moral integrity’ and ‘professional efficiency’ in the context of corporate governance in India? Illustrate with suitable examples. (150 words, 10 Marks)
Q. International aid’ is an accepted form of helping resource-challenged nations. Comment on ‘ethics in contemporary international aid’. Support your answer with suitable examples. (150 words, 10 Marks)
2022
Q. Wisdom lies in knowing what to reckon with and what to overlook. An officer being engrossed with the periphery, ignoring the core issues before him, is not rare in the bureaucracy. Do you agree that such preoccupation of an administrator leads to travesty of justice to the cause of effective service delivery and good governance? Critically evaluate. (150 words, 10 Marks)
2021
Q. Identify five ethical traits on which one can plot the performance of a civil servant. Justify their inclusion in the matrix. (150 words, 10 Marks)

Ethics (Section B)

Here we have provided UPSC Mains Subject-wise previous year questions for Ethics (Section B):

2024

UPSC Mains Ethics Case Studies are given here:
Q.1 7. There is a technological company named ABC Incorporated which is the second largest worldwide, situated in the Third World. You are the Chief Executive Officer and the majority shareholder of this company. The fast technological improvements have raised worries among environmental activists, regulatory authorities, and the general public over the sustainability of this scenario. You confront substantial issues about the business’s environmental footprint. In 2023, your organisation had a significant increase of 48% in greenhouse gas emissions compared to the levels recorded in 2019. The significant rise in energy consumption is mainly due to the surging energy requirements of your data centres, fuelled by the exponential expansion of Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI-powered services need much more computational resources and electrical energy compared to conventional online activities, notwithstanding their notable gains. The technology’s proliferation has led to a growing concern over the environmental repercussions, resulting in an increase in warnings. AI models, especially those used in extensive machine learning and data processing, exhibit much greater energy consumption than conventional computer tasks, with an exponential increase. Although there is already a commitment and goal to achieve net zero emissions by 2030, the challenge of lowering emissions seems overwhelming as the integration of AI continues to increase. To achieve this goal, substantial investments in renewable energy use would be necessary. The difficulty is exacerbated by the competitive environment of the technology sector, where rapid innovation is essential for preserving market standing and shareholders’ worth. To achieve a balance between innovation, profitability and sustainability, a strategic move is necessary that is in line with both business objectives and ethical obligations. (a) What is your immediate response to the challenges posed in the above case. (b) Discuss the ethical issues involved in the above case. (c) Your company has been identified to be penalised by technological giants. What logical and ethical arguments will you put forth to convince about its necessity. (d) Being a conscience being, what measures would you adopt to maintain balance between AI innovation and environmental footprint?

2023-2021

UPSC Mains Ethics Case Studies PYQs are given here:
2023
Q.1 You are working as an executive in a nationalised bank for several years One day one of your close colleagues tells you that her father is suffering from heart disease and needs surgery immediately to survive. She also tells you that she has no insurance and the operation will cost about 10 lakh. You are also aware of the fact that her husband is no more and that she is from a lower middle class family. You are empathetic about her situation. However, apart from expressing your sympathy, you do not have the resources to fund her. A few weeks later, you ask her about the well-being of her father and she informs you about his successful surgery and that he is recovering. She then confides in you that the bank manager was kind enough to facilitate the release of 10 lakh from a dormant account of someone to pay for the operation with a promise that it should be confidential and be repaid at the earliest. She has already started paying it back and will continue to do so until it is all returned. o What are the ethical issues involved? Evaluate the behaviour of the bank manager from an ethical point of view. o How would you react to the situation? (250 words, 20 Marks)

2021

Q.2 You are Vice Principal of a degree college in one of the middle-class towns. Principal has recently retired and management is looking for his replacement. There are also feelers that the management may promote you as principal. In the meantime, during the annual examination the flying squad which came from the university caught two students red-handed involved in unfair means. A senior lecturer of the college was personally helping these students in this act. This senior lecturer also happens to be close to the management. One of the students was the son of a local politician who was responsible for getting the college affiliated to the present reputed university. The second student was the son of a local businessman who has donated maximum funds for running the college. You immediately informed the management regarding this unfortunate incident. The management told you to resolve the issue with the flying squad at any cost. They further said that such incidents will not only tarnish the image of the college but also the politicians and businessmen are very important personalities for the functioning of the college. You were also given a hint that your further promotion to Principal depends on your capability in resolving this issue with the flying squad. In the meantime, you were intimidated by your administrative officer that certain members of the student union are protesting outside the college gate against the senior lecturer and the students involved in this incident and demanding strict action against defaulters.

(a)  Discuss the ethical issues involved in the case.

(b) Critically examine the options available with you as Vice Principal. What option will you adopt and why? 

Click Here For All PYQs

Download Topic Wise UPSC Mains PYQs PDF

Practicing topic-wise UPSC Mains PYQs are useful in identifying recurring themes, understanding the demand of each subject, and improving your answer writing with real exam-level questions. By downloading the topic-wise UPSC Mains PYQs PDFs, you get organized access to questions from each GS paper, optional subjects, and essay sections—sorted by subject and sub-topic. This targeted approach allows you to focus on weak areas and practice more effectively. Whether you're revising core subjects like Polity, Economy, and History, or working on Ethics and Essay writing, these PDFs will serve as a valuable resource: 
UPSC Mains Solved Papers Topic-Wise PDFs Topic Wise UPSC Mains PYQs Unresolved

Importance of UPSC Mains Subject-Wise Previous Year Questions 

Previous year papers are invaluable for several reasons:
  1. Understanding Question Patterns: They help you identify recurring themes and patterns in questions across years.
  2. Time Management: Practicing with these papers can improve your time management skills, ensuring you can complete all questions within the allotted time during the actual exam.
  3. Assessing Difficulty Level: They give you a clear idea of the difficulty level of the questions and help you gauge your preparation levels.
  4. Strategic Preparation: By analyzing these papers, you can prioritize topics based on their frequency and significance.
Candidates can explore Physics Wallah's Online UPSC batches to prepare for UPSC Mains question under the guidance of mentors.

UPSC Mains PYQs Topic-Wise FAQs

Why are UPSC Mains PYQ Topic Wise valuable for preparation?

UPSC Mains Previous Year Papers help you understand the question patterns, improve time management, assess question difficulty levels, and strategically prioritize topics based on their frequency and significance.

Where can I find UPSC Mains Subject-Wise Previous Year Papers and Questions?

You can access these papers on the official UPSC website or direct link provided here.

How does practicing UPSC Mains previous year questions benefit?

Practicing with these papers familiarizes you with recurring themes, enhances your ability to manage time, and helps you gauge your preparation level.

What is a common theme found in Indian Society questions?

Recent Indian Society questions often focus on social changes, like the impact of technology on family dynamics, marriage in modern India, and the rise of new middle-class consumption cultures.

What makes Ethics (Section B) cases challenging in the UPSC Mains?

Ethics (Section B) cases often involve real-world dilemmas that require analytical thinking, ethical judgment, and practical decision-making skills to resolve complex situations.

Will PYQs repeat in the UPSC Mains exam?

Yes, questions from previous years do sometimes repeat or are modified in the UPSC Mains exam.
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