UP Board Class 12 Commerce Syllabus 2026-27: Subjects & Chapters

The UP Board Class 12 Commerce Syllabus 2026-27 is prescribed by the Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad (UPMSP) for students appearing in the Class 12 examination. The Commerce stream includes Accountancy and Business Studies as compulsory subjects, along with two subjects selected from English, Mathematics, Economics and Computer, as per the UPMSP subject combination.

Students can check the complete UP Board Class 12 Commerce Syllabus 2026-27, including subject-wise chapters, marks distribution, important topics and official syllabus PDF links on this page.

UP Board Class 12 Commerce Syllabus 2026-27 Overview

According to the official UPMSP subject combination, Commerce students must take Accountancy (156) and Business Studies (157) and select two additional subjects from English (117), Mathematics (131), Economics (136) and Computer (144).

UP Board Class 12 Commerce Subjects 2026-27

The UPMSP Class 12 Commerce subject structure includes:

• Accountancy – Subject Code 156

• Business Studies – Subject Code 157

• English – Subject Code 117

• Mathematics – Subject Code 131

• Economics – Subject Code 136

• Computer – Subject Code 144

Students should check their registered subject combination because not every Commerce student necessarily takes all six subjects. Accountancy and Business Studies are compulsory Commerce subjects, while students choose two subjects from the specified options.

UP Board Class 12 Commerce Syllabus 2026-27 PDF

Students can download the latest UP Board Class 12 Commerce Syllabus 2026-27 PDF directly from the official UPMSP website.

Official Syllabus PDFs

The official UPMSP syllabus PDFs for all six subjects specify Academic Session 2026-27.

UP Board Class 12 Accountancy Syllabus 2026-27

Accountancy is a compulsory subject for UP Board Class 12 Commerce students. The official UPMSP syllabus divides the subject into partnership accounting and company/financial statement-related topics.

Accountancy Marks Distribution

The official 2026-27 Accountancy syllabus assigns the highest individual weightage of 13 marks to Units 2, 3, 4 and 5.

Accountancy Chapters and Topics

Unit 1: Accounting for Partnership Firms

This unit covers:

• Meaning and features of partnership

• Partnership deed

• Provisions relating to partnership accounts

• Capital accounts of partners

• Profit and Loss Appropriation Account

• Interest on capital

• Changes in capital

• Drawings and interest on drawings

• Guarantee of profit to a partner

• Past adjustments

Unit 2: Reconstitution of Partnership Firm – Admission

Important topics include:

• Admission of a partner

• New profit-sharing ratio

• Sacrificing ratio

• Goodwill

• Meaning and factors affecting goodwill

• Need for valuation of goodwill

• Methods of goodwill valuation

• Treatment of goodwill

• Adjustment of accumulated profits and losses

• Revaluation of assets and liabilities

• Adjustment of capital

• Change in profit-sharing ratio

Unit 3: Retirement or Death of a Partner

Topics include:

• Retirement of a partner

• Death of a partner

• Amount due to retiring/deceased partner

• New profit-sharing ratio

• Gaining ratio

• Treatment of goodwill

• Revaluation of assets and liabilities

• Adjustment of accumulated profits and losses

• Settlement of amount due to retiring partner

• Adjustment of partners' capital

Unit 4: Dissolution of Partnership Firm

This unit covers:

• Dissolution of partnership

• Dissolution of firm

• Settlement of accounts

• Accounting treatment during dissolution

Unit 5: Accounting for Share Capital

Important topics include:

• Meaning and characteristics of a company

• Types of companies

• Share capital

• Classification of share capital

• Types of shares

• Preference shares

• Equity shares

• Issue of shares

• Calls in arrears

• Calls in advance

• Oversubscription and undersubscription

• Issue of shares at premium

• Issue of shares at discount

• Issue of shares for consideration other than cash

• Forfeiture and reissue of shares

Unit 6: Issue of Debentures

This unit includes:

• Meaning and types of debentures

• Difference between shares and debentures

• Classification of debentures

• Issue of debentures

• Issue at par, discount and premium

• Oversubscription

• Issue of debentures for consideration other than cash

• Interest on debentures

• Accounting treatment

Unit 7: Financial Statements of a Company

Students study:

• Meaning and nature of financial statements

• Objectives of financial statements

• Types of financial statements

• Balance Sheet

• Major items in financial statements

• Current and non-current classification

• Profit and Loss Statement

• Importance and limitations of financial statements

Unit 8: Accounting Ratios

Important topics include:

• Meaning and objectives of ratio analysis

• Advantages and limitations

• Types of accounting ratios

• Liquidity ratios

• Current ratio

• Quick ratio

• Solvency ratios

• Debt-equity ratio

• Proprietary ratio

• Interest coverage ratio

• Activity/turnover ratios

• Profitability ratios

• Earnings per share

• Dividend payout ratio

• Return on investment

Unit 9: Cash Flow Statement

The syllabus covers:

• Meaning and objectives of Cash Flow Statement

• Cash and cash equivalents

• Cash flows from operating activities

• Cash flows from investing activities

• Cash flows from financing activities

• Classification of cash flows

• Preparation of Cash Flow Statement

The detailed topics and marks are prescribed in the official UPMSP Accountancy syllabus for 2026-27.

UP Board Class 12 Business Studies Syllabus 2026-27

Business Studies is another compulsory Commerce subject. The official syllabus contains 11 units divided into two parts:

• Part 1: Principles and Functions of Management

• Part 2: Business Finance and Marketing

Business Studies Marks Distribution

According to the official UPMSP syllabus, Marketing carries the highest weightage of 16 marks, followed by Business Finance and Consumer Protection with 12 marks each.

Business Studies Chapters

Unit 1: Nature and Significance of Management

Topics include:

• Meaning and concept of management

• Characteristics of management

• Objectives of management

• Importance of management

• Nature of management

• Management as an art

• Management as a science

• Management as a profession

• Levels of management

• Functions of management

• Coordination

• Importance of coordination

• Management in the 21st century

Unit 2: Principles of Management

Topics include:

• Concept and nature of management principles

• Importance of management principles

• Scientific management

• Techniques of scientific management

• Functional foremanship

• Standardisation and simplification

• Method study

• Motion study

• Time study

• Fatigue study

• Differential piece wage system

• Fayol's principles of management

• Fayol versus Taylor

Unit 3: Business Environment

This unit covers:

• Meaning of business environment

• Importance of business environment

• Dimensions of business environment

• Economic environment in India

• Liberalisation

• Privatisation

• Globalisation

• Demonetisation

Unit 4: Planning

Topics include:

• Meaning and importance of planning

• Characteristics of planning

• Limitations of planning

• Planning process

• Types of plans

• Single-use plans

• Standing plans

• Objectives

• Strategy

• Policy

• Procedure

• Method

• Rules

• Programme

• Budget

Unit 5: Organising

Important topics include:

• Meaning and concept of organisation

• Organising process

• Importance of organising

• Organisational structure

• Functional structure

• Divisional structure

• Formal and informal organisation

• Delegation

• Elements of delegation

• Importance of delegation

• Centralisation and decentralisation

Unit 6: Staffing

This unit includes:

• Meaning and importance of staffing

• Staffing as a part of Human Resource Management

• Staffing process

• Recruitment

• Sources of recruitment

• Internal and external sources

• Selection

• Selection process

• Training and development

• Training methods

• On-the-job training

• Off-the-job training

Unit 7: Directing

Topics include:

• Meaning and characteristics of directing

• Importance of directing

• Principles of directing

• Elements of directing

• Supervision

• Motivation

• Maslow's hierarchy of needs

• Financial and non-financial incentives

• Leadership

• Leadership styles

• Communication

• Formal and informal communication

• Barriers to communication

• Measures for effective communication

Unit 8: Controlling

The unit covers:

• Meaning of controlling

• Importance of controlling

• Limitations of controlling

• Relationship between planning and controlling

• Controlling process

Unit 9: Business Finance

Topics include:

• Meaning of business finance

• Role and objectives of financial management

• Financial decisions

• Financial planning

• Capital structure

• Factors affecting capital structure

• Fixed and working capital

• Factors affecting working capital requirements

Unit 10: Marketing

Important topics include:

• Meaning and characteristics of marketing

• Marketing management

• Functions of marketing

• Marketing mix

• Product

• Branding

• Packaging

• Labelling

• Pricing

• Factors affecting price

• Physical distribution

• Promotion mix

• Advertising

• Personal selling

• Sales promotion

• Public relations

Unit 11: Consumer Protection

Topics include:

• Meaning and importance of consumer protection

• Consumer Protection Act, 2019

• Who is a consumer?

• Consumer rights

• Consumer responsibilities

• Ways and means of consumer protection

• Consumer disputes

• District Commission

• State Commission

• National Commission

• Role of consumer organisations and NGOs

These chapters and their marks are based on the official UPMSP Business Studies syllabus for Academic Session 2026-27.

UP Board Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2026-27

The UP Board Class 12 Economics syllabus is divided into:

1. Introductory Microeconomics

2. Introductory Macroeconomics

The official UPMSP syllabus carries 100 marks in total.

Economics Marks Distribution

Consumer Equilibrium and Demand and Producer Behaviour and Supply carry the highest weightage of 18 marks each.

Part A: Introductory Microeconomics

Unit 1: Introduction

Topics include:

• Meaning of Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

• Positive and normative economics

• Central problems of an economy

• What, how and for whom to produce

• Production possibility curve

• Opportunity cost

Unit 2: Consumer Equilibrium and Demand

Topics include:

• Utility

• Marginal utility

• Law of diminishing marginal utility

• Consumer equilibrium

• Indifference curve analysis

• Consumer budget

• Budget set and budget line

• Consumer preferences

• Demand

• Market demand

• Determinants of demand

• Demand schedule

• Demand curve

• Movement and shift of demand curve

• Price elasticity of demand

• Measurement of price elasticity

• Percentage-change method

Unit 3: Producer Behaviour and Supply

Topics include:

• Production function

• Short-run and long-run production

• Total, average and marginal product

• Costs

• Fixed and variable costs

• Average and marginal cost

• Revenue

• Total, average and marginal revenue

• Producer equilibrium

• Supply

• Market supply

• Determinants of supply

• Supply schedule

• Supply curve

• Price elasticity of supply

Unit 4: Forms of Market and Price Determination

Topics include:

• Perfect competition

• Features of perfect competition

• Market equilibrium

• Changes in demand and supply

• Applications of demand and supply

• Price control

• Minimum price

• Maximum price

Part B: Introductory Macroeconomics

Unit 5: National Income and Related Aggregates

Topics include:

• Basic concepts of national income

• Final goods and intermediate goods

• Stock and flow

• Capital goods

• Depreciation

• Circular flow of income

• Methods of calculating national income

• Product method

• Income method

• Expenditure method

• GDP

• NDP

• GNP

• NNP

• National income-related aggregates

Unit 6: Money and Banking

Topics include:

• Meaning of money

• Supply of money

• Money creation

• Commercial banking

• Central bank

• Functions of the Reserve Bank of India

• Monetary policy

• Cash Reserve Ratio

• Statutory Liquidity Ratio

• Repo Rate

• Reverse Repo Rate

• Open market operations

Unit 7: Determination of Income and Employment

Topics include:

• Aggregate demand

• Aggregate supply

• Consumption function

• Saving function

• Short-run equilibrium

• Full employment

• Unemployment

• Excess demand

• Deficient demand

• Measures to correct excess and deficient demand

Unit 8: Government Budget and Economy

Topics include:

• Meaning of government budget

• Objectives of government budget

• Components of government budget

• Revenue receipts

• Capital receipts

• Revenue expenditure

• Capital expenditure

• Revenue deficit

• Fiscal deficit

• Primary deficit

Unit 9: Balance of Payments

Topics include:

• Meaning of Balance of Payments

• Components of Balance of Payments

• Balance of Trade

• Foreign exchange

• Fixed and flexible exchange rates

• Determination of exchange rate

The above topics and marks are taken from the official UPMSP Economics syllabus for Academic Session 2026-27.

UP Board Class 12 Mathematics Syllabus 2026-27

Mathematics is one of the optional subjects available to Commerce students. The official UPMSP syllabus carries 100 marks and has a duration of 3 hours.

Mathematics Marks Distribution

Calculus carries the highest weightage with 44 marks, followed by Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry with 18 marks.

Mathematics Chapters

The syllabus covers:

• Relations and Functions

• Inverse Trigonometric Functions

• Matrices

• Determinants

• Continuity and Differentiability

• Applications of Derivatives

• Integrals

• Applications of Integrals

• Differential Equations

• Vectors

• Three-Dimensional Geometry

• Linear Programming

• Probability

Students preparing for Mathematics should give additional practice time to Calculus because it carries the highest weightage in the official syllabus.

UP Board Class 12 English Syllabus 2026-27

English carries 100 marks and is divided into four sections:

The official UPMSP syllabus includes reading comprehension, article writing, letters, grammar, translation and literature.

English Literature

Flamingo – Prose

• The Last Lesson

• Lost Spring

• Deep Water

• The Rattrap

• Indigo

• Poets and Pancakes

• The Interview – Part I and Part II

• Going Places

Flamingo – Poetry

• My Mother at Sixty-Six

• Keeping Quiet

• A Thing of Beauty

• A Roadside Stand

• Aunt Jennifer's Tigers

Vistas – Supplementary Reader

• The Third Level

• The Tiger King

• Journey to the End of the Earth

• The Enemy

• On the Face of It

• Memories of Childhood

These prescribed books and chapters are listed in the official UPMSP English syllabus for 2026-27.

UP Board Class 12 Computer Syllabus 2026-27

Computer is an optional subject for Commerce students. The official UPMSP syllabus specifies a 60-mark written examination and 40-mark practical examination, making the total 100 marks.

Computer Theory Marks Distribution

Computer Practical Marks Distribution

Computer Science Topics

The syllabus includes:

• Object-oriented programming

• Classes and objects

• Inheritance

• Structure programming and object-oriented programming

• Core Java

• Data types, variables and literals

• Input/output

• Methods

• Method overloading

• Constructors

• Inheritance

• Encapsulation

• Interfaces

• Advanced Java

• Arrays

• Strings

• Packages

• Exception handling

• Manipulation

• AWT

• Robotics

• Drone technology

• Calibration and applications

The practical component includes programs based on classes and objects, data types and variables, input/output, method overloading, constructors, inheritance, encapsulation, arrays and string manipulation. Students also prepare a project based on robotics or drone technology.

UP Board Class 12 Commerce Exam Preparation Tips

Students can follow a subject-wise strategy to complete the syllabus efficiently.

1. Understand Your Subject Combination

Before preparing a timetable, identify the subjects you have selected. Accountancy and Business Studies are compulsory Commerce subjects, while the remaining subjects depend on the registered combination.

2. Prioritise High-Weightage Topics

Focus more revision time on chapters carrying higher marks.

For example:

• Accountancy: Partnership Reconstitution and several company-accounting units carry 13 marks each.

• Business Studies: Marketing carries 16 marks.

• Economics: Consumer Equilibrium and Demand and Producer Behaviour and Supply carry 18 marks each.

• Mathematics: Calculus carries 44 marks.

This does not mean students should skip lower-weightage chapters; instead, the marks distribution can help them plan revision time effectively.

3. Practise Accountancy Regularly

Accountancy requires numerical practice. Solve questions on partnership, admission, retirement, dissolution, shares, debentures, accounting ratios and cash flow statements regularly.

4. Make Short Notes for Business Studies

Prepare concise notes for definitions, concepts, principles, management functions and important differences. Tables and bullet points can make revision faster.

5. Practise Economics Graphs and Numericals

Economics preparation should include both conceptual understanding and numerical/graph-based practice. Pay special attention to demand, supply, elasticity, national income and income determination.

6. Give Extra Time to High-Weightage Mathematics Units

Since Calculus carries 44 marks, students selecting Mathematics should allocate sufficient time to differentiation, integration and related applications.

7. Practise the Latest Model Papers

Students should solve model papers and previous examination questions after completing the syllabus. This helps them understand the question pattern and identify topics that require more revision.

UP Board Class 12 Commerce Syllabus 2026-27: Key Highlights

• The current academic session is 2026-27.

• Accountancy and Business Studies are compulsory Commerce subjects.

• Students select two additional subjects from English, Mathematics, Economics and Computer.

• Accountancy carries 100 marks.

• Business Studies carries 100 marks.

• Economics carries 100 marks.

• Mathematics carries 100 marks.

• English carries 100 marks.

• Computer has 60 marks for theory and 40 marks for practical assessment.

• The official UPMSP syllabus PDFs specify Academic Session 2026-27.