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UPSC History Optional Syllabus 2025, Download Paper 1 and 2 PDF

UPSC History Optional Syllabus 2025 intersects with General Studies, covering Ancient, Medieval, Modern, and Post-1947 Indian History, along with Indian Art & Culture and World History. Approximately 20 questions in the GS Prelims Exam and around 10 in the Mains Exam pertain to this subject.
authorImageAnil Solonki28 Aug, 2025
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UPSC History Syllabus

UPSC History Syllabus 2025 is the study of past events , societies , and cultures , encompassing the examination and interpretation of written records , artefacts , and oral traditions . It seeks to understand human actions and their consequences over time, providing insights into the development of civilizations and the shaping of the present world.

History remains a perennially popular choice , ensuring consistent performance and appeal. Acquiring knowledge in History contributes significantly to personality development and proves beneficial during the Personality Test as well. In this article we will have a look at the Syllabus , Books , Exam Pattern and Question Paper of History Optional subject for UPSC Mains.

UPSC History Optional Syllabus 2025

The table below contains the syllabus of History Optional Paper I:

UPSC History Optional Syllabus For Paper I

Topic Subtopics
1. Sources
  • Archaeological sources: Exploration, excavation, epigraphy, numismatics, monuments.
  • Literary sources: Indigenous (Primary and secondary; poetry, scientific literature, literature in regional languages, religious literature). Foreign accounts: Greek, Chinese, and Arab writers.
2. Pre-history and Proto-history
  • Geographical factors; hunting and gathering (Paleolithic and Mesolithic); Beginning of agriculture (Neolithic and Chalcolithic).
3. Indus Valley Civilization
  • Origin, date, extent, characteristics, decline, survival, and significance, art, and architecture.
4. Megalithic Cultures
  • Distribution of pastoral and farming cultures outside the Indus, development of community life, settlements, agriculture, crafts, pottery, and iron industry.
5. Aryans and Vedic Period
  • Expansions of Aryans in India. Vedic Period: Religious and philosophic literature; transformation from Rig Vedic period to the later Vedic period; political, social, and economic life; significance of the Vedic Age; evolution of Monarchy and Varna system.
6. Period of Mahajanapadas
  • Formation of States (Mahajanapada): Republics and monarchies; rise of urban centres; trade routes; economic growth; introduction of coinage; spread of Jainism and Buddhism; rise of Magadha and Nandas.
  • Iranian and Macedonian invasions and their impact.
7. Mauryan Empire
  • Foundation of the Mauryan Empire, Chandragupta, Kautilya, and Arthashastra; Ashoka; concept of Dharma; Edicts; polity, administration, economy; art, architecture, and sculpture; external contacts; religion; spread of religion; literature.
  • Disintegration of the empire; Sungas and Kanvas.
8. Post-Mauryan Period
  • (Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Kushanas, Western Kshatrapas): Contact with the outside world; growth of urban centers, economy, coinage, development of religions, Mahayana, social conditions, art, architecture, culture, literature, and science.
9. Early State and Society in Eastern India, Deccan, and South India
  • Kharavela, The Satavahanas, Tamil States of the Sangam Age; administration, economy, land grants, coinage, trade guilds and urban centers; Buddhist centers; Sangam literature and culture; art and architecture.
10. Guptas, Vakatakas, and Vardhanas
  • Polity and administration, economic conditions, coinage of the Guptas, land grants, decline of urban centers, Indian feudalism, caste system, position of women, education and educational institutions; Nalanda, Vikramshila and Vallabhi, literature, scientific literature, art, and architecture.
11. Regional States during Gupta Era
  • The Kadambas, Pallavas, Chalukyas of Badami; polity and administration, trade guilds, literature; growth of Vaishnava and Saiva religions. Tamil Bhakti movement, Shankaracharya; Vedanta; institutions of temple and temple architecture; Palas, Senas, Rashtrakutas, Paramaras, polity and administration; cultural aspects. Arab conquest of Sind; Alberuni, The Chalukyas of Kalyana, Cholas, Hoysalas, Pandyas; polity and administration; local government; growth of art and architecture, religious sects, institution of temple and Mathas, Agraharas, education and literature, economy and society.
12. Themes in Early Indian Cultural History
  • Languages and texts, major stages in the evolution of art and architecture, major philosophical thinkers and schools, ideas in science and mathematics.
13. Early Medieval India, 750-1200
  • Polity: Major political developments in Northern India and the peninsula, origin and the rise of Rajputs.
  • The Cholas: administration, village economy and society “Indian Feudalism”.
  • Agrarian economy and urban settlements.
  • Trade and commerce.
  • Society: the status of the Brahman and the new social order.
  • Condition of women. Indian science and technology.
14. Cultural Traditions in India, 750-1200
  • Philosophy: Shankaracharya and Vedanta, Ramanuja and Vishishtadvaita, Madhva and BrahmaMimansa.
  • Religion: Forms and features of religion, Tamil devotional cult, growth of Bhakti, Islam and its arrival in India, Sufism.
  • Literature: Literature in Sanskrit, growth of Tamil literature, literature in the newly developing languages, Kalhan's Rajtarangini, Alberuni's India.
  • Art and Architecture: Temple architecture, sculpture, painting.
15. The Thirteenth Century
  • Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate: The Ghurian invasions - factors behind Ghurian success.
  • Economic, social, and cultural consequences.
  • Foundation of Delhi Sultanate and early Turkish Sultans.
  • Consolidation: The rule of Iltutmish and Balban.
16. The Fourteenth Century
  • “The Khalji Revolution”.
  • Alauddin Khalji: Conquests and territorial expansion, agrarian and economic measure.
  • Muhammad Tughluq: Major projects, agrarian measures, bureaucracy of Muhammad Tughluq.
  • Firuz Tughluq: Agrarian measures, achievements in civil engineering and public works, decline of the Sultanate, foreign contacts and Ibn Battuta's account.
17. Society, Culture, and Economy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
  • Society: composition of rural society, ruling classes, town dwellers, women, religious classes, caste and slavery under the Sultanate, Bhakti movement, Sufi movement.
  • Culture: Persian literature, literature in the regional languages of North India, literature in the languages of South India, Sultanate architecture and new structural forms, painting, evolution of a composite culture.
  • Economy: Agricultural Production, rise of urban economy and non-agricultural production, trade and commerce.
18. The Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Century
  • Political Developments and Economy:
  • Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Bengal, Kashmir (Zainul Abedin), Gujarat
  • Malwa, Bahmanids.
  • The Vijayanagara Empire.
  • Lodis.
  • Mughal Empire, first phase: Babur, Humayun.
  • The Sur Empire: Sher Shah’s administration.
  • Portuguese colonial enterprise, Bhakti and Sufi Movements.
19. The Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Century- Society and culture:
  • Regional cultures specificities.
  • Literary traditions.
  • Provincial architectural.
  • Society, culture, literature and the  arts in Vijayanagara Empire.
20. Akbar
  • Conquests and consolidation of empire.
  • Establishment of jagir and mansab systems.
  • Rajput policy.
  • Evolution of religious and social outlook. Theory of Sulh-i-kul and religious policy.
  • Court patronage of art and technology.
21. Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century
  • Major administrative policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan, and Aurangzeb.
  • The Empire and the Zamindars.
  • Religious policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan, and Aurangzeb. Nature of the Mughal State.
  • Late Seventeenth Century crisis and the revolts.
  • The Ahom kingdom.
  • Shivaji and the early Maratha Kingdom.
22. Economy and society, in the 16th and 17th Centuries
  • Population Agricultural and craft production.
  • Towns, commerce with Europe through Dutch, English, and French companies: a trade revolution.
  • Indian mercantile classes. Banking, insurance, and credit systems.
  • Conditions of peasants, Condition of Women.
  • Evolution of the Sikh community and the Khalsa Panth.
23. Culture during Mughal Empire
  • Persian histories and other literature.
  • Hindi and religious literatures.
  • Mughal architecture.
  • Mughal painting.
  • Provincial architecture and painting.
  • Classical music.
  • Science and technology.
24. The Eighteenth Century
  • Factors for the decline of the Mughal Empire.
  • The regional principalities: Nizam’s Deccan, Bengal, Awadh.
  • Maratha ascendancy under the Peshwas.
  • The Maratha fiscal and financial system.
  • Emergence of Afghan power Battle of Panipat, 1761.
  • State of, political, cultural and economic, on eve of the British conquest.

UPSC History Optional Syllabus For Paper II

The table below contains the UPSC Syllabus of History Optional Paper II:
Topic Subtopics
1. European Penetration into India
  • The Early European Settlements; The Portuguese and the Dutch; The English and the French East India Companies; Their struggle for supremacy; Carnatic Wars; Bengal-The conflict between the English and the Nawabs of Bengal; Siraj and the English; The Battle of Plassey; Significance of Plassey.
2. British Expansion in India
  • Bengal-Mir Jafar and Mir Kasim; The Battle of Buxar; Mysore; The Marathas; The three Anglo-Maratha Wars; The Punjab.
3. Early Structure of the British Raj
  • The Early administrative structure; From diarchy to direct control; The Regulating Act (1773); The Pitt's India Act (1784); The Charter Act (1833); The Voice of free trade and the changing character of British colonial rule; The English utilitarian and India.
4. Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule
  1. Land revenue settlements in British India; The Permanent Settlement; Ryotwari Settlement; Mahalwari Settlement; Economic impact of the revenue arrangements; Commercialization of agriculture; Rise of landless agrarian labourers; Impoverishment of the rural society.
  2. Dislocation of traditional trade and commerce; De-industrialisation; Decline of traditional crafts; Drain of wealth; Economic transformation of India; Railroad and communication network including telegraph and postal services; Famine and poverty in the rural interior; European business enterprise and its limitations.
5. Social and Cultural Developments
  • The state of indigenous education, its dislocation; Orientalist-Anglicist controversy, The introduction of western education in India; The rise of press, literature and public opinion; The rise of modern vernacular literature; Progress of Science; Christian missionary activities in India.
6. Social and Religious Reform Movements in Bengal and Other Areas
  • Ram Mohan Roy, The Brahmo Movement; Devendranath Tagore; Iswarchandra Vidyasagar; The Young Bengal Movement; Dayanada Saraswati; The social reform movements in India including Sati, widow remarriage, child marriage etc.; The contribution of Indian renaissance to the growth of modern India; Islamic revivalism-the Feraizi and Wahabi Movements.
7. Indian Response to British Rule
  • Peasant movement and tribal uprisings in the 18th and 19th centuries including the Rangpur Dhing (1783), the Kol Rebellion (1832), the Mopla Rebellion in Malabar (1841-1920), the Santal Hul (1855), Indigo Rebellion (1859-60), Deccan Uprising (1875) and the Munda Ulgulan (1899-1900); The Great Revolt of 1857 —Origin, character, causes of failure, the consequences; The shift in the character of peasant uprisings in the post-1857 period; the peasant movements of the 1920s and 1930s.
8. Factors leading to the birth of Indian Nationalism
  • Politics of Association; The Foundation of the Indian National Congress; The Safety-valve thesis relating to the birth of the Congress; Programme and objectives of Early Congress; the social composition of early Congress leadership; the Moderates and Extremists; The Partition of Bengal (1905); The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal; the economic and political aspects of Swadeshi Movement; The beginning of revolutionary extremism in India.
9. Rise of Gandhi
  • Character of Gandhian nationalism; Gandhi's popular appeal; Rowlatt Satyagraha; the Khilafat Movement; the Non-cooperation Movement; National politics from the end of the Non-cooperation movement to the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement; the two phases of the Civil Disobedience Movement; Simon Commission; The Nehru Report; the Round Table Conferences; Nationalism and the Peasant Movements; Nationalism and Working class movements; Women and Indian youth and students in Indian politics (1885-1947); the election of 1937 and the formation of ministries; Cripps Mission; the Quit India Movement; the Wavell Plan; The Cabinet Mission.
10. Constitutional Developments in the Colonial India between 1858 and 1935
  • No Sub topics
11. Other strands in the National Movement
  • The Revolutionaries: Bengal, the Punjab, Maharashtra, U.P. the Madras Presidency, Outside India.
  • The Left; The Left within the Congress: Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, the Congress Socialist Party; the Communist Party of India, other left parties.
12. Politics of Separatism
  • The Muslim League; the Hindu Mahasabha; Communalism and the politics of partition; Transfer of power; Independence.
13. Consolidation as a Nation
  • Nehru's Foreign Policy; India and her neighbours (1947-1964); The linguistic reorganisation of States (1935-1947); Regionalism and regional inequality; Integration of Princely States; Princes in electoral politics; the Question of National Language.
14. Caste and Ethnicity after 1947
  • Backward Castes and Tribes in post-colonial electoral politics; Dalit movements.
15. Economic development and political change
  • Land reforms; the politics of planning and rural reconstruction; Ecology and environmental policy in post-colonial India; Progress of Science.
16. Enlightenment and Modern ideas
  1. Major Ideas of Enlightenment: Kant, Rousseau.
  2. Spread of Enlightenment in the colonies.
  3. Rise of socialist ideas (up to Marx); spread of Marxian Socialism.
17. Origins of Modern Politics
  1. European States System.
  2. American Revolution and the Constitution.
  3. French Revolution and Aftermath, 1789-1815.
  4. American Civil War with reference to Abraham Lincoln and the abolition of slavery.
  5. British Democratic politics, 1815-1850: Parliamentary Reformers, Free Traders, Chartists.
18. Industrialization
  1. English Industrial Revolution: Causes and Impact on Society.
  2. Industrialization in other countries: USA, Germany, Russia, Japan.
  3. Industrialization and Globalization.
19. Nation-State System
  1. Rise of Nationalism in 19th century.
  2. Nationalism: State-building in Germany and Italy.
  3. Disintegration of Empires in the face of the emergence of nationalities across the World.
20. Imperialism and Colonialism
  1. South and South-East Asia.
  2. Latin America and South Africa.
  3. Australia.
  4. Imperialism and free trade: Rise of neo-imperialism.
21. Revolution and Counter-Revolution
  1. 19th Century European revolutions.
  2. The Russian Revolution of 1917-1921.
  3. Fascist Counter-Revolution, Italy and Germany.
  4. The Chinese Revolution of 1949.
22. World Wars
  1. 1st and 2nd World Wars as Total Wars: Societal implications.
  2. World War I: Causes and Consequences.
  3. World War II: Causes and Consequences.
23. The World after World War II
  1. Emergence of Two power blocs.
  2. Emergence of Third World and non-alignment.
  3. UNO and the global disputes.
24. Liberation from Colonial Rule
  1. Latin America-Bolivar.
  2. Arab World-Egypt.
  3. Africa-Apartheid to Democracy.
  4. South-East Asia-Vietnam.
25. Decolonization and Underdevelopment
  1. Factors constraining Development; Latin America, Africa.
26. Unification of Europe
  1. Post War Foundations; NATO and European Community.
  2. Consolidation and Expansion of European Community
  3. European Union.
27. Disintegration of Soviet Union and the Rise of the Unipolar World
  1. Factors leading to the collapse of Soviet Communism and Soviet Union, 1985-1991.
  2. Political Changes in East Europe 1989-2001.
  3. End of the Cold War and US Ascendancy in the World as the lone superpower.

UPSC History Optional Exam Pattern 2025

The UPSC exam pattern of History Optional is as follows:
  • The UPSC main exam is divided into two papers i.e. Paper-1 and Paper-2.
  • Both Paper I and Paper II carry 250 marks each, making the total of 500 marks for the History optional papers.
  • In both Paper I and Paper II of History Optional candidates have to attempt FIVE questions in all. THREE hours are allotted to attempt each paper.
  • Question Number 1 and Question Number 5 from both papers are compulsory to attempt and out of the remaining questions, THREE are to be attempted choosing at least ONE question from each Section.
History Optional Exam Pattern
Particular Details
Total Papers Two, Paper I and Paper II
Total Marks 500 (250 Each)
Time allowed 3 Hours for each paper
Sections Section A and Section B
Questions Total 8 questions with subparts
Compulsory Question Question No. 1 and 5
Marks Distribution 10, 15, and 20 marker questions

Recommended History Optional Books for UPSC Mains Exam

History stands out among the various optional subjects for the UPSC IAS Exam , offering a captivating exploration of our past. Laden with insights into culture and tradition, it holds significant relevance in both the IAS Prelims and UPSC Mains examinations. Let us have a look at the List of History Optional Books for UPSC Mains Exam:

1. Ancient History books for History Optional

  1. India's Ancient Past
R.S Sharma
  1. History of Ancient and Early Medieval India
Upinder Singh
  1. The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300
Romila Thapar
  1. Ancient Indian Social History-Some Interpretations
Romila Thapar
  1. A Cultural History of India
A. L. Basham

2. Mediaeval History books for History Optional

The table below contains the list of books for Mediaeval History for History Optional:
Book Title Author
  1. A History of South India
K.A. Nilkantha Sastri
  1. The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556-1707
Irfan Habib
  1. Ashoka & Decline of the Maurya
Romila Thapar
  1. The Mughal Empire
J.F. Richards
  1. Indian Feudalism
R.S. Sharma
  1. The Wonder That was India (Volume.2)
S.A.A. Rizvi
  1. Material culture & Social Formation in Ancient India
R.S. Sharma
  1. Urban Dynamics
H.C. Verma
  1. Medieval India (Macmillan)
Satish Chandra
  1. Medieval India (NCERT)
Satish Chandra

3. Modern History Books for History Optional

The table below contains the list of books for Modern History for History Optional:
Book Title Author
  1. Anatomy of the Raj (PPH)
Suhash Chakravarty
  1. Peasant Movements in India
D.N. Dhanagare
  1. Freedom Struggle (NbT)
Bipan Chandra & others
  1. The Raj Syndrome (Penguins)
Suhash Chakravarty
  1. Gandhi
B.R. Nanda
  1. VAID’s Fundamentals of History Series
 
  1. Gandhi
Judith Brown
  1. Constitutional History
Pravin Kumar
  1. India’s Struggle for Independence
Bipan Chandra
  1. Freedom Struggle
Pravin Kumar
  1. Modern India (Macmillan)
Sumit Sarkar
  1. Administrative History
Pravin Kumar
  1. Modern India (NCERT)
Bipan Chandra
  1. Social History
Pravin Kumar

4. World History Books for History Optional

The table below contains the list of books for World History for History Optional:
World History Books for History Optional
Book Title Author
  1. Age of Capital
E.J. Hobsbawm
  1. Age of Empires
E.J. Hobsbawm
  1. Age of Revolution
E.J. Hobsbawm
  1. Contemporary World History (NCERT)
Arjun Dev
  1. Europe Since 1815
W.C. Craig
  1. Europe Since 1870
James Joll
  1. Europe Since Napoleon
David Thompson
  1. Industry & Empire
E.J. Hobsbawm
  1. The social basis of Democracy & Dictatorship
B.J. Moore
  1. The story of Civilization, Vol. 2 (NCERT)
Arjun Dev

History Optional Question Paper

The table contains the list of UPSC History Optional Papers I and II of Previous years:
History Optional Paper 2023
History Optional Paper I History Optional Paper II
History Optional Paper 2022
History Optional Paper I History Optional Paper II
History Optional Paper 2021
History Optional Paper I History Optional Paper II
History Optional Paper 2020
History Optional Paper I History Optional Paper II

How to Prepare For UPSC History Optional Syllabus?

Preparing for the UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) History Optional syllabus requires a structured approach and thorough understanding of the topics outlined. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to prepare for the UPSC History Optional syllabus:
  • Understand the Syllabus : The first step is to thoroughly understand the History Optional syllabus prescribed by UPSC. It typically covers ancient, mediaeval, and modern Indian history, as well as world history. Make sure you have a clear understanding of the topics and sub-topics mentioned in the syllabus.
  • Collect Study Material: Gather all the relevant study material including textbooks, reference books, class notes, and online resources. Some recommended books for UPSC History Optional include books by Bipin Chandra, Satish Chandra, R.S. Sharma, Romila Thapar, and others. Make sure to refer to authentic sources and standard textbooks.
  • Create a Study Plan: Develop a study plan that covers all the topics mentioned in the syllabus. Allocate specific time slots for each topic and ensure that you cover the entire syllabus within the stipulated time frame. Also, include regular revisions in your study plan.
  • Take Notes: While studying, make concise notes of important concepts, events, dates, and personalities. These notes will serve as quick revision material during the final stages of preparation.
  • Practice Answer Writing: Answer writing practice is crucial for scoring well in the UPSC History Optional exam. Practice writing answers to previous years' question papers as well as mock tests. Pay attention to structuring your answers, presenting arguments logically, and providing relevant examples.
  • Refer to Additional Resources: Apart from standard textbooks, make use of additional resources such as scholarly articles, documentaries, and online lectures to enhance your understanding of historical events and perspectives.
  • Stay Updated: Keep yourself updated with recent developments in the field of history, especially with regard to new research findings and interpretations. This will help you provide a fresh perspective in your answers.

History Optional Toppers in UPSC Mains Exam

The table below contains the name and marks of previous toppers having History Optional Subject in their UPSC Mains Exam:
Name (Year) History Optional (Paper I + Paper II) (500 Marks) History Paper I (250 Marks) History Paper II (250 Marks)
Shruti Sharma (2021) 306 150 156
Rajat Ravindra Ubhaykar (2020) 301 151 150
Nidhi Siwach (2018) 290 150 140
Chitra Mishra (2018) 300 139 161
Aparajita Singh (2017) 287 138 149
Ishwar Kumar Kandoo (2017) 316 160 156
Hardeep Singh (2015) 257 107 140

History Optional Success Rate in UPSC Mains Exam

The table below contains the list of Success rate of Candidates with History Optional in the previous years:
Year No. of candidates appeared Candidates Cleared (Success Rate)
2019 751 51 (6.8%)
2018 848 52 (6.1%)
2017 1074 59 (5.5%)
2015 1821 102 (5.6%)
2014 1560 102 (6.5%)
2013 1303 100 (7.7%)
2012 2090 174 (8.3%)

UPSC History Syllabus FAQs

Is history a good optional?

Studying history as an elective can significantly enhance your understanding of the GS papers. Additionally, learning about events such as the industrial revolution and the post-World War II era will provide valuable insights into topics spanning economics, political science, and international relations.

Is history low scoring optional?

When compared to technical subjects such as Science and Mathematics, History typically doesn't rank as highly in terms of academic performance. This is largely due to its extensive syllabus, which requires memorizing a multitude of past events, along with associated dates and names.

Which is the easiest optional subject for IAS?

The Philosophy course offered as an optional subject in UPSC exams has the smallest syllabus among all the available options. Similarly, subjects like Anthropology, Sociology, Botany and Public Administration are also known for having comparatively less extensive syllabi compared to others.

What are the disadvantages of history optional?

The vast and varied nature of history poses challenges in adequately addressing all pertinent subjects within constrained timeframes. It's commonly believed that candidates possessing strong writing abilities tend to excel in the history optional exam.

Which is the toughest optional in UPSC?

Some optional subjects are often considered challenging due to their intricate concepts and vast syllabi. Subjects such as Mathematics, Economics, Geography, and Law are seen as tougher because they are complex,dynamic, and need a lot of in-depth understanding.
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