UP Board Class 12th Biology Syllabus 2025, Check Unit-Wise Syllabus

UP Board Class 12th Biology Syllabus 2025 Unit-Wise

Students should carefully go through the syllabus and can keep a track of their preparation with the help of syllabus. Here is the UP Board Class 12th Biology Syllabus 2025 Unit-Wise:

Unit 1: Reproduction

This unit includes three chapters and various sub topics.

Chapter 1 : Asexual Reproduction in Plants

• Structure of Flower

  • Development of Male and Female Gametophytes

• Pollination

  • Types of Pollination

  • Agents of Pollination

  • Examples

• Outbreeding Devices

  • Double Fertilization

  • Post-Fertilization Events

• Seed and Fruit Development

  • Significance of Fruit Formation

• Special Mechanisms

  • Apomixis (Asexual Reproduction)

  • Polyembryony

  • Multiple Fruiting

  • Seed Dispersal

Chapter 2 : Human Reproduction

• Male and Female Reproductive Systems

• Structure of Testis and Ovary

• Gametogenesis

  • Spermatogenesis

  • Oogenesis

• Menstrual Cycle

  • Fertilization

  • Embryo Development (up to Blastocyst Stage)

• Implantation

  • Pregnancy and Placenta Formation (basic knowledge)

• Parturition and Lactation (general awareness)

Chapter 3 : Reproductive Health

• Importance of Reproductive Health

• Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

• Family Planning

  • Need

  • Methods

• Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)

• Amniocentesis

• Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) 

  • IVF (In Vitro Fertilization)

  • ZIFT (Zygote IntraFallopian Transfer)

  • GIFT (Gamete IntraFallopian Transfer)(basic awareness)

Unit 2: Genetics and Evolution

Chapter 4 : Heredity and Variation

• Mendel's Laws of Inheritance

• Deviations from Mendelism

  • Incomplete Dominance

  • Co-dominance

  • Multiple Alleles

  • Polygenic Inheritance

• Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

• Sex Determination

  • In Humans

  • In Birds

• Mutation and Chromosomal Disorders

  • Genetic Disorders:

    • Haemophilia

    • Color Blindness

  • Chromosomal Disorders:

    • Down Syndrome

    • Turner Syndrome

    • Klinefelter Syndrome

• Pedigree Analysis

Chapter 5 : Molecular Basis of Inheritance

• DNA Structure and Packaging

• DNA Replication

• Transcription

• Translation

• Genetic Code

• Regulation of Gene Expression

• Human Genome Project

• DNA Fingerprinting

Chapter 6 : Evolution

• Origin of Life

• Evidences of Evolution

  • Paleontological Evidence

  • Comparative Anatomy

  • Embryological Evidence

  • Molecular Evidence

• Darwin’s Contribution

• Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution

• Mechanisms of Evolution

  • Variation

  • Mutation

  • Recombination

  • Natural Selection

  • Genetic Drift

  • Gene Flow

  • Hardy-Weinberg Principle

• Adaptive Radiation

• Human Evolution

Unit 3: Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter 7 : Human Health and Disease

• Pathogens causing human diseases

  • malaria

  • dengue

  • chikungunya

  • filariasis

  • ascariasis

  • typhoid

  • pneumonia

  • amoebiasis, ringworm)

  • their prevention

• Basic concepts of immunology

  • vaccines

  • cancer

  • AIDS

• Adolescence – harmful effects of drugs and alcohol

Chapter 8 : Microbes in Human Welfare

• Use of microbes in household

• Industrial production

• Sewage treatment

• Energy production

• As bio-control agents

• Bio-fertilizers

Unit 4: Biotechnology and Its Applications

Chapter 9 : Principles and Processes of Biotechnology

• Genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology)

Chapter 10 : Applications of Biotechnology

• Biotechnology in health and agriculture

• Production of human insulin and vaccines

• Gene therapy

• Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

• BT crops

• Transgenic animals

• Biosafety issues

• Biopiracy and patents

Unit 5: Ecology and Environment

Chapter 11 : Organisms and Populations

• Habitat and niche

• Population interactions – mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism

• Population attributes – growth, birth rate, death rate, age distribution

Chapter 12 : Ecosystem – Structure

• Structure (form)

• Components

• Productivity and decomposition

• Energy flow

• Ecological pyramids – pyramid of numbers, biomass and energy

Chapter 13 : Biodiversity and Conservation

• Concept of biodiversity

• Patterns of biodiversity

• Importance of biodiversity

• Loss and conservation of biodiversity – hotspots, endangered species, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries

How to Prepare for the UP Board Class 12th Biology Exam 2025?

1. Students must study from the NCERT as the UP Board follows the NCERT curriculum. Make NCERT as your base to understand basic topics. Understand every topic carefully, make use of diagrams, and definitions from chapters like Reproduction, Genetics, and Biotechnology.

2. As the marking scheme is already mentioned in the syllabus, students must prioritize high weightage units like Genetics and Evolution which carries 18 marks and Reproduction which carries 14 marks. 

3. Diagrams hold great value in Biology. Students must focus on drawing well-labelled diagrams in order to score good marks in the subject. Diagrams like Human reproductive system, DNA structure, and Microbial processes must be practiced well as they will fetch you good marks.

4. Solving previous years’ papers is very important as you are preparing for board exams. PYQs will help you understand the exam pattern and the question trends. You can also test your knowledge by solving mock tests under timed conditions. This will also help you improve writing speed and accuracy. 

5. As 30 marks are allotted to the practical exam, practice slide preparation, spotting, and viva questions. Prepare project files properly and revise experiments like DNA extraction or spotting of plant tissues.