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CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25 PDF Download Here

Q: Is physics hard in class 12?

The difficulty of CBSE 12th Physics will vary depending on your skills and limitations. While some students find the topic difficult, others find it to be rather simple. The easiest approach to figuring out how tough CBSE 12th Physics would be for you is to start studying and see how you perform.

Q: Which topics are removed from Physics 12?

Topics such as Electric Charges and Fields, Current Electricity, Magnetism and Matter, Alternating Current, Wave Optics, and others have been removed from the chapters of the CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus.

Q: Is the 12th easier than the 11th?

In comparison to class 11, class 12 is easier. Because of the extensive topic curriculum, you will encounter several challenges when you finish your 10th grade and enter the 11th grade (unless you have passed your 10th from the ICSE board.) But you gradually grow acclimated to the extensive material in the 12th grade.

Q: How do you get 90% in physics?

The important physics class 12 CBSE subjects, such as magnetism, electrostatics, electromagnetic induction, and optics, should be well-prepared for since these units often include problems. Study, review, and respond to as many previous year material science papers from CBSE class 12 as you can.

Q: Which chapter is difficult in physics class 12?

Heat and Thermodynamics is perhaps the most challenging but also crucial subject for JEE Main Physics. Students often struggle to answer questions about the subject if they are unable to understand the application portion of the material.

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25 has been updated for the current academic session. The syllabus will cover topics for the theory and practical exams. You may get the curriculum in PDF format from the link provided below.

Vikas Pandit28 Oct, 2024

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25: The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has released the Class 12 Physics syllabus for the academic year 2024-25 which can be accessed on the official website, www.cbseacademic.nic.in. The syllabus comprises 9 divisions and 14 chapters, ensuring a comprehensive coverage of key concepts in Physics.

The assessment structure for the CBSE Class 12 Physics syllabus includes a theoretical section worth 70 marks, complemented by an evaluation scheme that accounts for 30 marks. This division emphasizes the importance of both theoretical understanding and practical applications in the subject. Students in the science stream are strongly encouraged to thoroughly review the CBSE Class 12 Physics syllabus. Doing so will provide clarity on the topics to be studied and help in effective preparation for the upcoming examinations. A clear understanding of the syllabus will also aid in organizing study schedules and identifying key areas of focus to maximize performance in both theory and practical assessments.

CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2024-25

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25

The CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25 has been split into 9 units which have 14 chapters in total. The CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25 serves as an overview by informing students of the weightage of marks assigned to each chapter, allowing them to better allocate their time. The theoretical component is of 70 marks and the units along with the corresponding chapters have been listed below-

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25
Unit No.	Unit Name	Chapters	Allotted Marks
Unit 1	Electrostatics	Chapter 1 - Electric Charges and Fields	16
		Chapter 2 - Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Unit 2	Current Electricity	Chapter 3 - Current Electricity
Unit 3	Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism	Chapter 4 - Moving Charges and Magnetism	17
		Chapter 5 - Magnetism and Matter
Unit 4	Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents	Chapter 6 - Electromagnetic Induction
		Chapter 7 - Alternating Current
Unit 5	Electromagnetic Waves	Chapter 8 - Electromagnetic Waves	18
Unit 6	Optics	Chapter 9 - Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
		Chapter 10 - Wave Optics
Unit 7	Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter	Chapter 11 - Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter	12
Unit 8	Atoms and Nuclei	Chapter 12 - Atoms
		Chapter 13 - Nuclei
Unit 9	Electronic Devices	Chapter 14 - Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices, and Simple Circuits	7
Total			70

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25 PDF Download

The CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for the academic year 2024-25 is an important resource for students studying physics. This syllabus outlines the topics and concepts that students will cover throughout the academic year.

CBSE Class 12 Sample Paper

Understanding the syllabus helps students plan their study schedule effectively, allocate time for each topic, and ensure comprehensive learning. With the PDF link provided below, students can easily download and refer to the CBSE Class 12 Syllabus whenever needed. This enables students to stay organized, track their progress, and prepare thoroughly for their physics classes and examinations.

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25 PDF

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25 Chapter-wise

For the student's convenience, the main concepts from all units and chapters have been listed here. CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25 is extremely important in the academic career of students in class 12th since it provides an idea of the courses to be studied to succeed in the exams. Scroll down the page to discover all the subjects listed in the CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25.

CBSE Class 10 Science Answer Key 2024

Unit I: Electrostatics

Electrostatics is the study of the processes and actions of stationary or slow-moving electric charges. This unit covers two chapters.

Chapter–1: Electric Charges and Fields

Electric charges
Conservation of charge
Coulomb's law force between two-point charges
Forces between numerous charges; superposition concept and continuous charge distribution.
Electric field, electric field owing to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
Electric flux
Statement of Gauss's theorem and its applications to discover field owing to infinitely long straight wire, evenly charged infinite flat sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).

Chapter 2: Capacitance and Electrostatic Potential

Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential because of a point charge, a dipole and a system of charges;
Equipotential surfaces, the electrical potential energy of a system of two-point charges and an electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges within a conductor.
Dielectrics and electric polarization.
Capacitors and capacitance.
Combination of capacitors in series and parallel.
The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor (no derivation, equations just).

Unit II: Current Electricity

Chapter–3: Current Electricity

Electric current, the movement of electric charges in a metallic conductor,
Drift velocity, mobility and their link with electric current
Ohm's law
V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear)
Electrical energy and power
Electrical resistivity and conductivity, temperature dependency of resistance.
The internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and parallel
Kirchhoff's laws
Wheatstone bridge.

Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

The magnetic effect of electric current is one of the most important effects of electric current in use, without which we would not be able to have motors in the modern world. A current-carrying conductor generates a magnetic field that may be visualised using magnetic lines of force or magnetic field lines. Moving Charges Magnetism and Magnetism and Matter are covered in this unit.

Chapter–4: Moving Charges and Magnetism

Concept of the magnetic field, Oersted's experiment
Biot - Savart law and its application to the current carrying circular loop.
Ampere's law and its applicability to infinitely long straight wire.
Straight solenoid (only qualitative treatment), force on a moving charge under homogenous magnetic and electric fields.
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, the force between two parallel current-carrying conductors.
The definition of an ampere is torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field.
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment, moving coil galvanometer its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.

Chapter–5: Magnetism and Matter

Bar magnet, bar magnet as an analogous solenoid (qualitative treatment only),
Magnetic field intensity owing to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis (qualitative treatment only),
Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a homogeneous magnetic field (qualitative treatment only),
Magnetic field lines.
Magnetic characteristics of materials- Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic compounds with examples,
Magnetization of materials, the influence of temperature on magnetic characteristics.

Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

Electromagnetic induction is the method of producing electric current using a magnetic field. It happens when a magnetic field in an electric conductor moves relative to another. An alternating current is a current whose amplitude varies with time and whose direction alternates regularly. Two chapters are covered in this unit.

Chapter–6: Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic induction
Faraday's laws induced EMF and current Lenz's Law Self and mutual induction.

Chapter–7: Alternating Current

Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage;
Reactance and impedance
LCR series circuit (phasors independently), resonance, power in AC circuits, power factor, watt less current.
AC generator
Transformer.

Unit V: Electromagnetic waves

Electromagnetic waves, or EM waves, are produced by vibrations between an electric field and a magnetic field. In other words, electromagnetic waves are made up of oscillating magnetic and electric fields.

Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves

The basic concept of displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their properties, and their transverse nature (qualitative concept only).
The electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) contains simple information about its usage.

Unit VI: Optics

The science of light is known as optics. Every day, you depend on optics. Your digital camera, wireless mouse, and even your favourite movie's Blu-ray disc are all technology enabled by optical science. Optics is a discipline of physics that describes how light behaves and interacts with things. We cover two chapters in optics, which are provided below.

Chapter–9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Ray Optics: Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula, refraction of light, total internal reflection and optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker’s formula, magnification, power of a lens, a combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction of light through a prism.
Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying capacities.

Chapter–10: Wave Optics

Wave optics: Wave front and Huygens principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface utilising wavefronts.
Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens concept. Interference.
Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width (No derivation final expression only), coherent sources and prolonged interference of light, diffraction owing to a single slit, and breadth of central maxima (qualitative treatment only).

Unit VII: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

In the presence of light emission via electrons, the dual nature of radiation is regarded as wave nature and particle nature. Ans: Radiation is shown by the interference process and the photoelectric effect in the radiation process.

Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Dual nature of radiation.
Photoelectric effect.
Hertz and Lenard's observations.
Einstein's photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.
Experimental examination of the photoelectric effect.
Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation.

Unit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei

An atom is a matter particle that specifies a chemical element uniquely. An atom is made up of a central nucleus and one or more negatively charged electrons. Electrically charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons make up atomic nuclei. The strongest known basic force, known as the strong force, holds them together.

Chapter 12: Atoms

Alpha-particle scattering experiment.
Rutherford's model of the atom.
Bohr model of the hydrogen atom.
Expression for the radius of the nth potential orbit, velocity and energy of an electron in his orbit, of hydrogen line spectra (qualitative treatment only).

Chapter 13: Nuclei

Composition and size of nucleus, nuclear force Mass-energy connection, mass defect.
Binding energy per nucleon and its fluctuation with mass number.
Nuclear fission.
Nuclear fusion.

Unit IX: Electronic Devices

Electronic devices are components that govern the passage of electrical currents in order to process information and control systems. Transistors and diodes are two prominent examples. Electronic devices are typically tiny and may be combined into packages known as integrated circuits.

Chapter–14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits

Energy bands in conductors
Semiconductors and insulators (qualitative concepts only)
Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors- p and n-type, p-n junction
Semiconductor diode - I-V characteristics in forward
Reverse bias use of junction diode -diode as a rectifier.

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25 for Practical Exam

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25 for Practical Evaluation Scheme: The evaluation system consists of the following components, Two experiments one from each section, a Practical record [experiments and activities], One activity from any part, investigative projects and Viva on experiments and activities. Marks are assigned to each part individually. All the parts together consist of 30 marks. Break up of marks for each section is provided below in Table-

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25 for Practical Exam
Particulars	Marks
Two experiments one from each section	7+7 Marks
Practical record [experiments and activities]	5 Marks
One activity from any section	3 Marks
Investigatory Project	3 Marks
Viva on experiments and activities	5 Marks
Total	30 Marks

Section A

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25 for Practical Exam (Section A)
S.No.	Experiments:
1.	To determine the resistivity of two / three wires by plotting a graph for potential difference versus current.
2.	To find the resistance of a given wire / standard resistor using a meter bridge.
3.	To verify the laws of combination (series) of resistances using a meter bridge. OR To verify the laws of combination (parallel) of resistances using a meter bridge.
4.	To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by the half-deflection method and to find its figure of merit.
5.	To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into a voltmeter of the desired range and to verify the same. OR To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into an ammeter of the desired range and to verify the same.
6.	To find the frequency of AC mains with a sonometer.

S.No .	Activities:
1.	To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without an iron core.
2.	To measure resistance, voltage (AC/DC), and current (AC) and check the continuity of a given circuit using a multimeter.
3.	To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse and a power source.
4.	To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
5.	To study the variation in potential drop with the length of a wire for a steady current.
6.	To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.

SECTION-B

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25 for Practical Exam (Section B)
S.No.	Experiments
1.	To find the value of v for different values of u in the case of a concave mirror and to find the focal length.
2.	To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens.
3.	To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between 1/u and 1/v.
4.	To find the focal length of a concave lens, use a convex lens.
5.	To determine the angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between the angle of incidence and the angle of deviation.
6.	To determine the refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
7.	To find the refractive index of a liquid using the convex lens and plane mirror.
8.	To find the refractive index of a liquid using a concave mirror and a plane mirror.
9.	To draw the I-V characteristic curve for a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.

S.No.	Activities
1.	To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.
2.	Use of a multimeter to see the unidirectional flow of current in the case of a diode and an LED and check whether a given electronic component (e.g., diode) is in working order.
3.	To study the effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on an LDR.
4.	To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.
5.	To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.
6.	To study the nature and size of the image formed by a (i) convex lens, or (ii) concave mirror, on a screen by using a candle and a screen (for different distances of the candle from the lens/mirror).
7.	To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the given set of lenses.

S.No.	Investigatory Projects
1.	To study various factors on which the internal resistance/EMF of a cell depends.
2.	To study the variations in current flowing in a circuit containing an LDR because of a variation in (a) the power of the incandescent lamp, used to 'illuminate' the LDR (keeping all the lamps at a fixed distance). (b) the distance of an incandescent lamp (of fixed power) used to 'illuminate' the LDR.
3.	To find the refractive indices of (a) water and (b) oil (transparent) using a plane mirror, an equiconvex lens (made from a glass of known refractive index) and an adjustable object needle.
4.	To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i) output and input voltage and (ii) the number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-designed transformer.
5.	To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled one by one, with different transparent fluids.
6.	To estimate the charge induced on each one of the two identical Styrofoam (or pith) balls suspended in a vertical plane by making use of Coulomb's law.
7.	To study the factor on which the self-inductance of a coil depends by observing the effect of this coil when put in series with a resistor/(bulb) in a circuit fed up by an A.C. source of adjustable frequency.
8.	To study the earth's magnetic field using a compass needle-bar magnet by plotting magnetic field lines and tangent galvanometer.

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus Deleted Portion

The eliminated subjects from the CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus are listed below in detail. These courses have been removed from the CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus, either because they are covered in another subject or because they are no longer relevant. To prepare for the final exams, students must carefully review the CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus Deleted Portion.

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus Deleted Portion
Chapter	Deleted Topics	Deleted Exercise
Electric Charge and Fields	Electric Charge – activity with paper strips and making electroscopes, Conductors and Insulators – the concept of earthing	1.13, 1.25 – 1.34
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance	Energy Stored in a Capacitor – derivation	2.12 – 2.36
Current Electricity	Resistivity of Various Materials, Carbon Resistors, Colour Code for Carbon Resistor, Combination of Resistors – series and parallel, Meter Bridge, Potentiometer	3.3, 3.4, 3.10, 3.12, 3.14 – 3.23
Moving Charges and Magnetism	Velocity Selector, Cyclotron, The Toroid, Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Revolving Electron	4.14 – 4.28
Magnetism and Matter	Bar Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid – mathematical treatment, Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field – mathematical treatment, Earth’s Magnetism, Magnetic Declination and Dip Table, Paramagnetism – Curie’s Law, Ferromagnetism – Curie Temperature and Hysteresis, Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets	5.1, 5.2, 5.9 – 5.11, 5.13 – 5.25
Electromagnetic Induction	Energy Consideration	6.6, 6.10 – 6.17
Alternating Current	Magnetisation and Demagnetisation of an Inductor, Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor, Analytical Solution – of series LCR circuit, Resonance – sharpness of resonance, LC Oscillations	7.6, 7.8, 7.10, 7.12 – 7.26
Electromagnetic Waves	Nature of Electromagnetic Waves – about ether	8.11 – 8.15
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments	Refraction – advanced sunrise and delayed sunset, Mirage, Diamond, Some Natural Phenomena due to Sunlight, Rainbow, Scattering of Light	9.18
Wave Optics	Doppler Effect, Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment – deleted derivation, expression for fringe width, Diffraction – only qualitative treatment retained, Resolving Power of Optical Instruments, Validity of Ray Optics, Polarisation of Scattering, Polarisation by Reflection	10.7 – 10.21
Atoms	Spectral Series, Bohr Model of Hydrogen Atom – derivation deleted, Line Spectra of Hydrogen Atom – qualitative treatment retained	12.3, 12.11 – 12.17
Nuclei	Law of Radioactive Decay, Alpha Decay, Beta Decay, Gamma Decay, Nuclear Reactor	13.1, 13.2, 13.6 – 13.10, 13.12 – 13.14, 13.18, 13.22 – 13.31
Semiconductor Electronics	Special Purpose of p-n Junction Diodes, Electronics and Logic Gates	14.7 – 14.15

Things to Keep in Mind When Studying for Physics in Class 12

Focus on NCERT Textbooks : The NCERT Class 12 Physics textbook comprehensively covers the syllabus and serves as the primary resource for the board exam. Ensure you understand each chapter thoroughly.
Memorize Key Formulas : Physics involves numerous formulas, and having them at your fingertips can significantly speed up your problem-solving process. Create a formula sheet and revise it regularly.
Practice Derivations : Understanding and practicing derivations is crucial. Aim to work through each derivation at least twice to reinforce your understanding, which will help you recall them during the exam.
Prepare for Drawing Questions : The Physics paper typically includes a mandatory drawing question, such as a graph or an instrument diagram. Pay close attention to the key features of these drawings to maximize your marks.
Simulate Exam Conditions : Practice solving previous year's Class 12 Physics question papers within a three-hour timeframe. This not only helps you get accustomed to the exam format but also prepares your body and mind for the actual exam conditions.

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Is physics hard in class 12?

The difficulty of CBSE 12th Physics will vary depending on your skills and limitations. While some students find the topic difficult, others find it to be rather simple. The easiest approach to figuring out how tough CBSE 12th Physics would be for you is to start studying and see how you perform.

Which topics are removed from Physics 12?

Topics such as Electric Charges and Fields, Current Electricity, Magnetism and Matter, Alternating Current, Wave Optics, and others have been removed from the chapters of the CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus.

Is the 12th easier than the 11th?

In comparison to class 11, class 12 is easier. Because of the extensive topic curriculum, you will encounter several challenges when you finish your 10th grade and enter the 11th grade (unless you have passed your 10th from the ICSE board.) But you gradually grow acclimated to the extensive material in the 12th grade.

How do you get 90% in physics?

The important physics class 12 CBSE subjects, such as magnetism, electrostatics, electromagnetic induction, and optics, should be well-prepared for since these units often include problems. Study, review, and respond to as many previous year material science papers from CBSE class 12 as you can.

Which chapter is difficult in physics class 12?

Heat and Thermodynamics is perhaps the most challenging but also crucial subject for JEE Main Physics. Students often struggle to answer questions about the subject if they are unable to understand the application portion of the material.

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CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2024-25

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25
Unit No.	Unit Name	Chapters	Allotted Marks
Unit 1	Electrostatics	Chapter 1 - Electric Charges and Fields	16
		Chapter 2 - Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Unit 2	Current Electricity	Chapter 3 - Current Electricity
Unit 3	Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism	Chapter 4 - Moving Charges and Magnetism	17
		Chapter 5 - Magnetism and Matter
Unit 4	Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents	Chapter 6 - Electromagnetic Induction
		Chapter 7 - Alternating Current
Unit 5	Electromagnetic Waves	Chapter 8 - Electromagnetic Waves	18
Unit 6	Optics	Chapter 9 - Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
		Chapter 10 - Wave Optics
Unit 7	Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter	Chapter 11 - Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter	12
Unit 8	Atoms and Nuclei	Chapter 12 - Atoms
		Chapter 13 - Nuclei
Unit 9	Electronic Devices	Chapter 14 - Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices, and Simple Circuits	7
Total			70

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25 PDF Download

CBSE Class 12 Sample Paper

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25 PDF

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25 Chapter-wise

CBSE Class 10 Science Answer Key 2024

Unit I: Electrostatics

Electrostatics is the study of the processes and actions of stationary or slow-moving electric charges. This unit covers two chapters.

Chapter–1: Electric Charges and Fields

Electric charges
Conservation of charge
Coulomb's law force between two-point charges
Forces between numerous charges; superposition concept and continuous charge distribution.
Electric field, electric field owing to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
Electric flux
Statement of Gauss's theorem and its applications to discover field owing to infinitely long straight wire, evenly charged infinite flat sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).

Chapter 2: Capacitance and Electrostatic Potential

Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential because of a point charge, a dipole and a system of charges;
Equipotential surfaces, the electrical potential energy of a system of two-point charges and an electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges within a conductor.
Dielectrics and electric polarization.
Capacitors and capacitance.
Combination of capacitors in series and parallel.
The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor (no derivation, equations just).

Unit II: Current Electricity

Chapter–3: Current Electricity

Electric current, the movement of electric charges in a metallic conductor,
Drift velocity, mobility and their link with electric current
Ohm's law
V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear)
Electrical energy and power
Electrical resistivity and conductivity, temperature dependency of resistance.
The internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and parallel
Kirchhoff's laws
Wheatstone bridge.

Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Chapter–4: Moving Charges and Magnetism

Concept of the magnetic field, Oersted's experiment
Biot - Savart law and its application to the current carrying circular loop.
Ampere's law and its applicability to infinitely long straight wire.
Straight solenoid (only qualitative treatment), force on a moving charge under homogenous magnetic and electric fields.
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, the force between two parallel current-carrying conductors.
The definition of an ampere is torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field.
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment, moving coil galvanometer its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.

Chapter–5: Magnetism and Matter

Bar magnet, bar magnet as an analogous solenoid (qualitative treatment only),
Magnetic field intensity owing to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis (qualitative treatment only),
Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a homogeneous magnetic field (qualitative treatment only),
Magnetic field lines.
Magnetic characteristics of materials- Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic compounds with examples,
Magnetization of materials, the influence of temperature on magnetic characteristics.

Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

Chapter–6: Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic induction
Faraday's laws induced EMF and current Lenz's Law Self and mutual induction.

Chapter–7: Alternating Current

Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage;
Reactance and impedance
LCR series circuit (phasors independently), resonance, power in AC circuits, power factor, watt less current.
AC generator
Transformer.

Unit V: Electromagnetic waves

Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves

The basic concept of displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their properties, and their transverse nature (qualitative concept only).
The electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) contains simple information about its usage.

Unit VI: Optics

Chapter–9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Ray Optics: Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula, refraction of light, total internal reflection and optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker’s formula, magnification, power of a lens, a combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction of light through a prism.
Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying capacities.

Chapter–10: Wave Optics

Wave optics: Wave front and Huygens principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface utilising wavefronts.
Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens concept. Interference.
Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width (No derivation final expression only), coherent sources and prolonged interference of light, diffraction owing to a single slit, and breadth of central maxima (qualitative treatment only).

Unit VII: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Dual nature of radiation.
Photoelectric effect.
Hertz and Lenard's observations.
Einstein's photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.
Experimental examination of the photoelectric effect.
Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation.

Unit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei

Chapter 12: Atoms

Alpha-particle scattering experiment.
Rutherford's model of the atom.
Bohr model of the hydrogen atom.
Expression for the radius of the nth potential orbit, velocity and energy of an electron in his orbit, of hydrogen line spectra (qualitative treatment only).

Chapter 13: Nuclei

Composition and size of nucleus, nuclear force Mass-energy connection, mass defect.
Binding energy per nucleon and its fluctuation with mass number.
Nuclear fission.
Nuclear fusion.

Unit IX: Electronic Devices

Chapter–14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits

Energy bands in conductors
Semiconductors and insulators (qualitative concepts only)
Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors- p and n-type, p-n junction
Semiconductor diode - I-V characteristics in forward
Reverse bias use of junction diode -diode as a rectifier.

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25 for Practical Exam

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25 for Practical Exam
Particulars	Marks
Two experiments one from each section	7+7 Marks
Practical record [experiments and activities]	5 Marks
One activity from any section	3 Marks
Investigatory Project	3 Marks
Viva on experiments and activities	5 Marks
Total	30 Marks

Section A

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25 for Practical Exam (Section A)
S.No.	Experiments:
1.	To determine the resistivity of two / three wires by plotting a graph for potential difference versus current.
2.	To find the resistance of a given wire / standard resistor using a meter bridge.
3.	To verify the laws of combination (series) of resistances using a meter bridge. OR To verify the laws of combination (parallel) of resistances using a meter bridge.
4.	To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by the half-deflection method and to find its figure of merit.
5.	To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into a voltmeter of the desired range and to verify the same. OR To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into an ammeter of the desired range and to verify the same.
6.	To find the frequency of AC mains with a sonometer.

S.No .	Activities:
1.	To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without an iron core.
2.	To measure resistance, voltage (AC/DC), and current (AC) and check the continuity of a given circuit using a multimeter.
3.	To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse and a power source.
4.	To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
5.	To study the variation in potential drop with the length of a wire for a steady current.
6.	To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.

SECTION-B

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25 for Practical Exam (Section B)
S.No.	Experiments
1.	To find the value of v for different values of u in the case of a concave mirror and to find the focal length.
2.	To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens.
3.	To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between 1/u and 1/v.
4.	To find the focal length of a concave lens, use a convex lens.
5.	To determine the angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between the angle of incidence and the angle of deviation.
6.	To determine the refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
7.	To find the refractive index of a liquid using the convex lens and plane mirror.
8.	To find the refractive index of a liquid using a concave mirror and a plane mirror.
9.	To draw the I-V characteristic curve for a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.

S.No.	Activities
1.	To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.
2.	Use of a multimeter to see the unidirectional flow of current in the case of a diode and an LED and check whether a given electronic component (e.g., diode) is in working order.
3.	To study the effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on an LDR.
4.	To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.
5.	To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.
6.	To study the nature and size of the image formed by a (i) convex lens, or (ii) concave mirror, on a screen by using a candle and a screen (for different distances of the candle from the lens/mirror).
7.	To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the given set of lenses.

S.No.	Investigatory Projects
1.	To study various factors on which the internal resistance/EMF of a cell depends.
2.	To study the variations in current flowing in a circuit containing an LDR because of a variation in (a) the power of the incandescent lamp, used to 'illuminate' the LDR (keeping all the lamps at a fixed distance). (b) the distance of an incandescent lamp (of fixed power) used to 'illuminate' the LDR.
3.	To find the refractive indices of (a) water and (b) oil (transparent) using a plane mirror, an equiconvex lens (made from a glass of known refractive index) and an adjustable object needle.
4.	To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i) output and input voltage and (ii) the number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-designed transformer.
5.	To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled one by one, with different transparent fluids.
6.	To estimate the charge induced on each one of the two identical Styrofoam (or pith) balls suspended in a vertical plane by making use of Coulomb's law.
7.	To study the factor on which the self-inductance of a coil depends by observing the effect of this coil when put in series with a resistor/(bulb) in a circuit fed up by an A.C. source of adjustable frequency.
8.	To study the earth's magnetic field using a compass needle-bar magnet by plotting magnetic field lines and tangent galvanometer.

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus Deleted Portion

CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus Deleted Portion
Chapter	Deleted Topics	Deleted Exercise
Electric Charge and Fields	Electric Charge – activity with paper strips and making electroscopes, Conductors and Insulators – the concept of earthing	1.13, 1.25 – 1.34
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance	Energy Stored in a Capacitor – derivation	2.12 – 2.36
Current Electricity	Resistivity of Various Materials, Carbon Resistors, Colour Code for Carbon Resistor, Combination of Resistors – series and parallel, Meter Bridge, Potentiometer	3.3, 3.4, 3.10, 3.12, 3.14 – 3.23
Moving Charges and Magnetism	Velocity Selector, Cyclotron, The Toroid, Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Revolving Electron	4.14 – 4.28
Magnetism and Matter	Bar Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid – mathematical treatment, Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field – mathematical treatment, Earth’s Magnetism, Magnetic Declination and Dip Table, Paramagnetism – Curie’s Law, Ferromagnetism – Curie Temperature and Hysteresis, Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets	5.1, 5.2, 5.9 – 5.11, 5.13 – 5.25
Electromagnetic Induction	Energy Consideration	6.6, 6.10 – 6.17
Alternating Current	Magnetisation and Demagnetisation of an Inductor, Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor, Analytical Solution – of series LCR circuit, Resonance – sharpness of resonance, LC Oscillations	7.6, 7.8, 7.10, 7.12 – 7.26
Electromagnetic Waves	Nature of Electromagnetic Waves – about ether	8.11 – 8.15
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments	Refraction – advanced sunrise and delayed sunset, Mirage, Diamond, Some Natural Phenomena due to Sunlight, Rainbow, Scattering of Light	9.18
Wave Optics	Doppler Effect, Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment – deleted derivation, expression for fringe width, Diffraction – only qualitative treatment retained, Resolving Power of Optical Instruments, Validity of Ray Optics, Polarisation of Scattering, Polarisation by Reflection	10.7 – 10.21
Atoms	Spectral Series, Bohr Model of Hydrogen Atom – derivation deleted, Line Spectra of Hydrogen Atom – qualitative treatment retained	12.3, 12.11 – 12.17
Nuclei	Law of Radioactive Decay, Alpha Decay, Beta Decay, Gamma Decay, Nuclear Reactor	13.1, 13.2, 13.6 – 13.10, 13.12 – 13.14, 13.18, 13.22 – 13.31
Semiconductor Electronics	Special Purpose of p-n Junction Diodes, Electronics and Logic Gates	14.7 – 14.15

Things to Keep in Mind When Studying for Physics in Class 12

Focus on NCERT Textbooks : The NCERT Class 12 Physics textbook comprehensively covers the syllabus and serves as the primary resource for the board exam. Ensure you understand each chapter thoroughly.
Memorize Key Formulas : Physics involves numerous formulas, and having them at your fingertips can significantly speed up your problem-solving process. Create a formula sheet and revise it regularly.
Practice Derivations : Understanding and practicing derivations is crucial. Aim to work through each derivation at least twice to reinforce your understanding, which will help you recall them during the exam.
Prepare for Drawing Questions : The Physics paper typically includes a mandatory drawing question, such as a graph or an instrument diagram. Pay close attention to the key features of these drawings to maximize your marks.
Simulate Exam Conditions : Practice solving previous year's Class 12 Physics question papers within a three-hour timeframe. This not only helps you get accustomed to the exam format but also prepares your body and mind for the actual exam conditions.