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National Debt, Definition, Impact, and Case Studies

Read about the national debt. Understand how national debt generated and ways and statistics to measure it

Izhar Ahmad25 Dec, 2023

National Debt, Definition, Impact, and Case Studies

National debt includes the overall sum of a country's government's obligations, mainly from bonds and other debt instruments. It can also come from direct borrowing from global groups like the World Bank.

When the economic budget deficit increases, the national debt grows. When the economic budget deficit falls, the national debt shrinks. Generally, the debt-to-GDP ratio represents a percentage of a country's annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The ratio measures the nation's ability to repay its financial obligations. The smaller the ratio, the more adequately an economy's output and income can satisfy its financial duties and, therefore, the better.

Also Read- Global Financial Crisis of 2008, Impact, Cause, and Policies

National Debt Definition

The national debt shows the money governments take to keep the financial equilibrium in their economies. But this approach leaves you with a pile of debt from various lenders. National debt is often confused with the term for a government budget deficit or fiscal deficit, where government spending exceeds tax income. The total national debt includes each year's budget deficit. The National debt can be divided into internal and external debt. Internal debt refers to what is owed to lenders within the country, and external debt to what is payable to foreign lenders.

Categorizations of National Debt

It can be grouped into various categories, as explained below: Issuer: The National debt can come from various government levels, running from central to local. The risk associated with the debt depends on the issuer, with regional and local debts considered risky compared to central debt. Maturity: Similar to other types of debt, national debt comes with various term lengths. Most national debts have a lengthy term, and the return on 10-year central government bonds is generally regarded as the most prevalent risk-free rate. Method of Repayment: The way of payment refers to the source used for payback. Generally, taxes serve as the main means of returning national debt, but special sources, such as tolls for highway construction debt, can also be utilized. Holder: The debt can be owned by either domestic people or foreigners. Debt held by citizens is denominated in the local currency, whereas debt owned by foreigners is usually in a foreign currency. This creates a foreign currency risk, reducing the risk of failure for debt owned by citizens.

Also Read- Commerce Minister of India, Political Journey

Instruments of National Debt

Financial instruments play an essential role in the issuance of national debt, in two main ways:

Bonds:

Government bonds, denominated in the local currency, are issued by the central bank of the country. The government takes funds from the central bank, and subsequently, these bonds are auctioned to the public through approved financial institutions. These bonds are tradable and offer an open market. Examples include U.S. Treasury Bills, British Gilts, German Bunds, and Japanese Government Bonds (JGBs), among others.

Loans:

Governments also have the choice of generating funds through loans from private banks. These loans, offered to national governments, vary from bonds in that they are not traded. However, there may be derivative instruments, such as credit default swaps, tied to the performance of these loans.

Measures and Statistics of National Debt

Various metrics for national debt are reported by entities such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Federal Reserve. Examples of these measures include: Central Government Debt: The total debt issued by a country's central government is presented either as an absolute figure or as a percentage of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). General Government Debt: The aggregate debt is issued by all government levels within a country, encompassing provincial and municipal debts. Non-Financial Public Sector Debt: The debt held by non-financial public sector entities is often guaranteed or deemed guaranteed by the government. Financial Public Sector Debt: Government-owned financial institutions, such as public sector banks issue the debt.

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National Debt- Case Studies

We have provided the case studies of the three major countries in the world below:

United States National Debt

As of April 2022, the debt of the United States government exceeds $30.37 trillion. This debt takes two primary forms: Debt Held by the Public: This is the amount owed by the federal government to investors who hold Treasury securities. These investors can include both domestic and international entities, as well as foreign governments. Intragovernmental Debt: The federal government also incurs debt from other government departments, encompassing items such as pensions and various financial programs within the nation.

China's National Debt

In December 2021, China's total government debt was around US $5 trillion (over 40 trillion Yuan). China borrows funds via federal government bonds and municipal bonds. In particular, public debt figures exclude financial obligations not represented by bonds, such as pension guarantees. The China Ministry of Finance raises funds for the national government and supervises debt instruments issued by local governments. Moreover, the Central Economic and Financial Commission, a separate committee, is responsible for economic activities and public finances within the country. Local Governments' Hidden Debts In April 2018, estimates by China's National Institute of Finance and Development report that local governments' debts contribute to an increased national debt burden.

Canada's National Debt

As of March 2022, Canada's government debt surpasses $1.1 trillion. The Department of Finance Canada issues public debt in the local currency, and currency conversion is based on the Federal Reserve Board's period-end market exchange rate. Notably, Canada's federal debt exhibited a steady annual increase of 5-10% until 1975. Post that period, the growth rate accelerated significantly, averaging over 20% per year.

Read Related Topics
Likert Management System	Father of Economics	Cost Sheet Format	Types of Insurance
Endorsement of Instruments	Index Numbers	Fiscal Policy	Joint Venture (JV)

National Debt FAQs

Which nation has the biggest debt?

Japan has the world's largest national debt, at 234.18% of GDP, with a population of 127,185,332, followed by Greece at 181.78%. The national debt of Japan is 1,028 trillion yen (USD 9.087 trillion).

What is the definition of public debt?

The total amount borrowed by the government to fund its development efforts is referred to as the public debt.

What is the significance of the national debt?

The government relies on public debt to finance its expenses while preserving the actual wealth of individuals and enterprises.

How is the national debt calculated?

The national debt is the total of a country's yearly budget deficits minus any surpluses.

Why is India's national debt so high?

In India, a substantial percentage of this is due to interest payments.

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Also Read- Global Financial Crisis of 2008, Impact, Cause, and Policies

National Debt Definition

Categorizations of National Debt

Also Read- Commerce Minister of India, Political Journey

Instruments of National Debt

Financial instruments play an essential role in the issuance of national debt, in two main ways:

Bonds:

Loans:

Measures and Statistics of National Debt

Looking for the Best Commerce Coaching?

Enroll Now in PW Commerce Batches!

National Debt- Case Studies

We have provided the case studies of the three major countries in the world below:

United States National Debt

China's National Debt

Canada's National Debt

Read Related Topics
Likert Management System	Father of Economics	Cost Sheet Format	Types of Insurance
Endorsement of Instruments	Index Numbers	Fiscal Policy	Joint Venture (JV)