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Ans. According to the definition of an acid as a "substance that donates protons (hydrogen ions) to other things," the hydrogen in the —COOH group is what makes the carboxylic acids acidic. In a water solution, a water molecule receives a hydrogen ion transferred from the —COOH group.
Q.2 : Which Carboxylic Acid is present in human blood?
Ans. The blood of humans contains carbonic acid, which aids in respiration. Although the concentrated form of this acid is naturally found in human blood, it is recommended to avoid direct contact with it as it may irritate the eyes and respiratory tract.
Q.3 : What foods contain carboxylic acids?
Ans. Both plants and animals naturally contain some carboxylic acids. Citric acid is found in citrus fruits like lemons and oranges. Among the main carboxylic acids, citric acid has three ionizable hydrogen atoms. Citrus fruits contain it, which gives them an acidic or sour taste.
Q.4 : What is a carboxylic acid used for?
Ans. Pharmaceuticals, coatings, adhesives, biopolymers, and polymers are all made with carboxylic acids and their derivatives. They can also be used as flavorings, food additives, solvents, and antimicrobials.
Carboxylic Acids, Introduction, Structure, Classification And Nomenclature
Carboxylic acids are organic compounds characterized by a carboxyl group (-COOH). They are widely found in nature and are known for their acidic properties. Common examples include acetic acid (vinegar) and citric acid. They play crucial roles in biochemistry, industry, and pharmaceuticals.
Shrivastav 26 Jun, 2024
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Introduction Of Carboxylic Acids :
Organic substances that have carboxyl (—COOH) groups are known as carboxylic acids. Because it is composed of both hydroxyl (—OH) and carbonyl (C = O) groups, the carboxyl group gets its name. The primary functional group of carboxylic acid is carbonyl (C = O) group. These organic compounds can be obtained through various methods. Fermentation is one way to produce some carboxylic acids, like fumaric acid, lactic acid, and citric acid, which are mostly used in the food industry.
They are widely found in nature and are also created artificially by people. Deprotonation of carboxylic acids results in the formation of a carboxylate anion, which has the general formula R — COO
–
and can form a range of practical salts, including soaps.
Carboxylic Acid Structure
A carboxylic acid’s general formula is R—COOH, where COOH denotes the carboxyl group and R denotes the remainder of the molecule to which this group is linked. There is a carbon in this carboxyl group that has a double connection with an oxygen atom and a single bond with a hydroxyl group.
Carbon and oxygen in the carbonyl are both sp
2
hybridized, resulting in a basic trigonal shape. The hydroxyl oxygen has also undergone sp
2
hybridization, allowing one of its lone pair electrons to conjugate with the carbonyl group's pi system. This makes the carboxyl group planar, which can be represented by the resonance structure shown below.
Reason carboxylic acids get their name is because they can give up a hydrogen atom to create a carboxylate ion. We will talk about the factors later on that influence how acidic carboxylic acids are.
Classification Of Carboxylic Acid
C
arboxyl group is typically denoted as —COOH. The carboxylic acid can be aliphatic (R—COOH) or aromatic (Ar—COOH), depending on whether —COOH is attached to an alkyl (or hydrogen) or aryl group. Carboxylic acid is acidic because it contains replaceable hydrogen atoms in the carboxyl group. Because each carboxyl acid contains one replaceable hydrogen, an acid with one carboxyl group is monobasic and referred to as monocarboxylic acid. Similarly, acids with two or three carboxyl groups are known as dicarboxylic (dibasic) and tricarboxylic (tribasic) acids, respectively.
Depending on the number of carboxyl (—COOH) groups, they are classified as:
Monocarboxylic Acids:
Monocarboxylic acids are organic acids that contain a single carboxyl group. Aliphatic monocarboxylic acids are known as fatty acids because some of their higher members, such as palmitic acid (C
15
H
31
COOH) and stearic acid (C
17
H
35
COOH), were first obtained through fat hydrolysis.
They have C
n
H
2n
O
2
or C
n
H
2n–1
COOH as their general formula. Their nature is monobasic. Examples include acetic acid (CH
3
COOH), formic acid (HCOOH), etc.
Dicarboxylic Acids:
Dicarboxylic acids are organic acids that contain two carboxyl groups.
Tricarboxylic Acids:
Tricarboxylic acids are organic acids defined as having three carboxyl groups.
Aromatic acids:
Compounds with a COOH group bound to an aromatic ring are classified as aromatic acids. Benzoic acid is the most basic aromatic acid.
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids:
These organic compounds are commonly known by their trivial names, which end in "-ic acid." Acetic acid (CH
3
COOH) is an example of a trivial name for a carboxylic acid. The suffix "-oic acid" is applied to these compounds in the IUPAC nomenclature.
Rules For Iupac Nomenclature Of Carboxylic Acids
In the name of the corresponding alkane, "oic acid" is used instead of the suffix "e".
Carboxylic carbon is always numbered one when the aliphatic chain only has one carboxyl group. As an illustration, CH
3
COOH is known as ethanoic acid.
The total number of carbon atoms is counted when an aliphatic chain has multiple carboxyl groups, and the number of carboxyl groups is represented by Greek numeral prefixes like "di-," "tri-," etc.
Prefixes and suffixes are added to the parent alkyl chain to give a carboxylic acid its name. The locations of the carboxyl groups are denoted by Arabic numerals.
A carboxyl substituent on a carbon chain may also be referred to as "carboxylic acid" or "carboxy". The compound 2-Furoic acid is known as 2-carboxyfuran, which is one example of such nomenclature.
Common And Iupac Names Of Carboxylic Acids
Formula
Common Name
IUPAC Name
HCOOH
Formic acid
Methanoic acid
CH
3
COOH
Acetic acid
Ethanoic acid
CH
3
CH
2
COOH
Propionic acid
Propanoic acid
CH
3
(CH
2
)
2
COOH
Butyric acid
Butanoic acid
CH
3
(CH
2
)
3
COOH
Valeric acid
Pentanoic acid
CH
3
(CH
2
)
4
COOH
Caproic acid
Hexanoic acid
C
4
H
8
O
2
Isobutyric acid
2-methylpropanoic acid
C
4
H
7
BrO
2
bromobutyric acid
2-bromobutanoic acid
CH
3
(CH
2
)
8
COOH
Capric acid
Decanoic acid
CH
3
(CH
2
)
10
COOH
Lauric acid
Dedocanoic acid
CH
3
(CH
2
)
12
COOH
Myristic acid
Tetradecanoic acid
CH
3
(CH
2
)
14
COOH
Palmitic acid
Hexadecenoic acid
CH
3
(CH
2
)
16
COOH
Stearic acid
Octadecanoic acid
Examples Of Carboxylic Acids
Naming Salts of Carboxylic Acids:
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