Indian Constitution
Indian Constitution:
The Indian Constitution is like a rulebook for how things work in India. It tells us about the main parts of the government: the people who
make the laws (legislature),
the people who
enforce the laws (executive),
and the people who ensure
fairness in the laws (judiciary).
Establishment of the Indian Constitution
The
Indian Constitution
was made official on
November 26, 1949,
and it started working completely on January 26, 1950. Originally, it had
22 parts, 395 articles, and 8 schedules.
Over time, there have been 105 changes, and now it has 12 schedules.
Key Features of the Indian Constitution
The Indian Constitution has some important features:
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It gives us basic rights and guidelines.
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Everyone, including leaders, must follow it.
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It sets up a democratic, federal, and secular system.
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It talks about the powers of the government parts.
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It promises rights to every citizen, like equality, liberty, and justice.
Formation of the Indian Constitution Assembly
The Constituent Assembly was created to make the Constitution. It started on
December 9, 1946.
Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first leader, but later, Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the leader.
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Importance of Drafting Committee Under Indian Constitution
The Drafting Committee, led by
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar,
was crucial. It was formed on
August 29, 1947,
and its job was to create a draft of the new Indian Constitution. The committee had seven members.
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S.No
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Members
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1
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Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (Chairman)
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2
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N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar
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3
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Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar
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4
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Dr. K.M. Munshi
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5
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Syed Mohammad Saadullah
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6
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N. Madhava Rau
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7
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T.T. Krishnamachari
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Indian Constitution Articles, Chapters, and Amendments
The Constitution is divided into 22 parts dealing with different topics. It has articles, and over the years, there have been amendments to it.
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Parts
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Subject
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Articles
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I
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The Union and its territory
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1 to 4
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II
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Citizenship
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5 to 11
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III
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Fundamental Rights
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12 to 35
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IV
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Directive Principles of State Policy
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36 to 51
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V
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The Union Government
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52 to 151
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VI
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The State Governments
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152 to 237
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VII
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The States in Part B of the First Schedule (deleted)
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238 (deleted)
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VIII
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The Union Territories
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239 to 242
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IX
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The Panchayats
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243 to 243–0
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IX A
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The Municipalities
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243-P to 243-ZG
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IX B
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The Co-operative Societies
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243-ZH to 243-ZT
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X
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The Scheduled and Tribal Areas
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244 to 244-A
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XI
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Relations between the Union and the States
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245 to 263
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XII
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Finance, Property, Contracts, and Suits
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264 to 300-A
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XIII
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Trade, Commerce, and Intercourse within the Territory of India
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301 to 307
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XIV
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Services under the Union and the States
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308 to 323
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XIV A
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Tribunals
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323-A to 323-B
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XV
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Elections
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324 to 329-A
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XVI
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Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes
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330 to 342-A
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XVII
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Official Language
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343 to 351-A
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XVIII
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Emergency Provisions
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352 to 360
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XIX
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Miscellaneous
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361 to 367
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XX
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Amendment of the Constitution
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368
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XXI
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Temporary, Transitional, and Special Provisions
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369 to 392
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XXII
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Short title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi, and Repeals
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393 to 395
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Preamble of the Indian Constitution
The Preamble is like the introduction of the Constitution. It tells us about the Constitution's purpose. It was made official on November 26, 1949. Over time, three words - Socialist, Secular, and Integrity - were added to it.
Key Features of the Preamble
The Preamble has some key points:
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It says the power in the Constitution comes from the people.
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India is described as socialist, sovereign, democratic, secular, and a republic.
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The goals are liberty, justice, equality, and fraternity.
Preamble of the Indian Constitution
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Preamble Features
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Authority Source
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It states that the Constitution derives its authority from the people of India.
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Nature of Indian State
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It declares India to be of socialist, sovereign, democratic, secular, and republican polity.
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Objectives of the Indian Constitution
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It specifies liberty, justice, equality, and fraternity as the objectives.
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Salient Features of the Indian Constitution
Some special features of the Indian Constitution are:
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It's the longest written Constitution.
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It takes ideas from different places.
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It's both rigid and flexible.
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It mixes federal and unitary features.
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Salient Features
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Lengthiest Written Constitution
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Drawn From Various Sources
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A blend of Rigidity and Flexibility
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Federal System with Unitary Bias
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Parliamentary Form of Government
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Synthesis of Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial Supremacy
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Federal Features of the Indian Constitution
India is a "Union of States," but the central government has more power than the states. It's like a mix of holding together and coming together federation systems.
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Types of the Federation System in the Indian Constitution
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Holding Together Federation
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The central government has more power than the states.
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Coming Together Federation
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Independent states join together and share political powers equally without interference from the center.
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Borrowed Features of the Indian Constitution
The Indian Constitution has borrowed ideas from other countries. For example, from the Government of India Act of 1935, British Constitution, US Constitution, and more.
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List of Borrowed Features of the Indian Constitution
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Government of India Act of 1935
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Federal Scheme, Office of Governor, Judiciary, Emergency provisions, Administrative details, and more.
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British Constitution
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Parliamentary government, Rule of Law, Legislative procedure, Single citizenship, Cabinet system, and more.
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Schedules of the Indian Constitution
There are 12 schedules in the Constitution, each dealing with different things.
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Constitutional Schedule
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Subject Matter
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First Schedule
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Names of States and their territorial jurisdiction
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Second Schedule
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Emoluments, allowances, and privileges of officials
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Third Schedule
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Forms of Oaths or Affirmations for various positions
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Fourth Schedule
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Allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to states and union territories
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Fifth Schedule
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Provisions relating to the administration and control of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes
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Sixth Schedule
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Provisions relating to the administration of tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram
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Seventh Schedule
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Division of powers between the Union and the States in terms of List I (Union List), List II (State List), and List III (Concurrent List)
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Eighth Schedule
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Languages recognized by the Constitution
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Ninth Schedule
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Acts and Regulations dealing with land reforms and the abolition of the zamindari system
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Tenth Schedule
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Provisions relating to disqualification of members of Parliament and State Legislatures on the ground of defection
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Eleventh Schedule
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Specifies the powers, authority, and responsibilities of Panchayats
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Twelfth Schedule
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Specifies the powers, authority, and responsibilities of Municipalities
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This way, the Indian Constitution sets the rules for how India works and protects the rights of its citizens.
