Nuclear Chemistry Notes
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Nuclear Chemistry Notes
Aug 26, 2022, 16:45 IST
Nuclear Chemistry Notes pdf
“The branch of chemistry which deals with the study of composition of atomic nucleus and the nuclear transformations is known as nuclear chemistry”.
The common examples of nuclear processes are radioactivity, artificial transmutations, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. The nuclear is also an important aspect of chemistry because the energies involved in some of these are million times greater than those in ordinary chemical reactions.
Radioactivity is a process in which nuclei of certain elements undergo spontaneous disintegration without excitation by any external means. The elements whose atoms disintegrate and emit radiations are called radioactive elements.
The radioactivity may be broadly classified into two types.
(1) If a substance emits radiations by itself, it is said to possess natural radioactivity
(2) If a substance starts emitting radiations on exposure to rays from some natural radioactive substance, the phenomenon is called induced or artificial radioactivity.
Radioactivity can be detected and measured by a number of devices like ionisation chamber, Geiger Muller counter, scintillation counter, Wilson cloud chamber etc.
GROUP DISPLACEMENT LAW(Given by Soddy, Fajans and Russell)
(1) When an alpha-particle is emitted, a new element with atomic number less by 2 unit and mass number less by 4 unit is formed. Thus the new element formed is displaced two positions to the left in the periodic table than that of the parent element.
(2) When beta-particle is emitted, new element with atomic number greater by 1 and having same mass number is formed. Thus, the new element formed is displaced one position to the right in the periodic table than that of the parent element.
NUCLEAR STABILITY
(1) Nuclear Binding Energy and Mass defect
(2) Packing fraction
(3) Magic number
(4) Neutron-proton ratio or causes of radioactivity:
RATE OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY
According to the law of radioactive disintegration, the rate of radioactive disintergration is directly proportional to the number of atoms present at that time.
APPLICATION OF RADIOACTIVITY
(1) Age determination - (a) Carbon dating (b) Uranium dating
(2) Radioactive tracers (i) To diagnose many disease (ii) In agriculture (iii) In Industry
NUCLEAR ISOMERS
(i) Nuclides with same atomic number and same mass number but differing in nuclear properties are called nuclear isomers.
(ii) Nuclear isomerism is due to difference in arrangement of nucleons in the nucleus.
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