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Subject
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Chandigarh PGT Syllabus
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Chemistry
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Basic Principles of Chemistry: Importance of Chemistry, Nature of Matter,
Properties of Matter and their measurement, Uncertainty in measurements, Laws of
chemical combinations, Dalton's Atomic Theory, Atomic and Molecular Masses, Mole
concept and molar masses, Percentage Composition, Stoichiometry and
Stoichiometric Calculations.
2. Atomic Structure: Sub atomic Particles, Atomic models, Developments leading to
the Bohr's Model of Atom, Bohr's Model for hydrogen atom, Quantum mechanical
model of Atom, Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect, limitations
of Bohr's model, Dual nature of matter, de- Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg
uncertainty principle, various quantum numbers (principal, angular and magnetic
quantum numbers) and their significance, shapes of s, p and d-orbitals, electron spin
quantum number, Rules for filling electrons in orbitals- Aufbau principle, Pauli's
exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra
stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.
3. States of Matter: Intermolecular Forces, Thermal Energy, Intermolecular forces vs.
thermal interactions, The Gaseous State, The Gas laws, Ideal gas equation, Kinetic
Molecular Theory of Gases, Liquification of Gases, Liquid State.
4. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure: Kossel-Lewis approach to Chemical
Bond Formation, Concept of Ionic and Covalent Bonds, Ionic Bonding, Formation of
Ionic Bonds, Factors affecting the Formation of Ionic Bonds, Calculation of Lattice
Enthalpy, Covalent Bonding, Concept of Electronegativity, Fajan’s rule, Dipole
Moment, Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple
molecules, Quantum Mechanical Approach to Covalent Bonding, Valence Bond Theory and its important features, Concept of Hybridization involving s, p and d
orbitals, Resonance, Molecular Orbital Theory, LCAOs, Types of Molecular Orbitals
(bonding, antibonding), Sigma and pi-bonds, Molecular Orbital Electronic
Configurations of Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules, Concept of Bond Order, Bond
Length and Bond Energy. Elementary Idea of Metallic Bonding, Hydrogen Bonding
and its applications.
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Biology
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The Living World Biodiversity; Need for classification; three domains of life; taxonomy and systematics; the
concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature
Biological Classification Five kingdom classification; Salient features and classification of Monera, Protista and
Fungi into major groups; Lichens, Viruses and Viroids.
Plant Kingdom Classification of plants into major groups; Salient and distinguishing features and a few
examples of Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae (Topics excluded -
Angiosperms, Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations)
animal Kingdom Salient features and classification of animals, non-chordates up to phyla level and
chordates up to class level (salient features and at a few examples of each category).
Morphology of Flowering Plants: Morphology of different parts of flowering plants: root, stem, leaf, inflorescence,
flower, fruit and seed. Description of families: Solanaceae.
Anatomy of Flowering Plants: Anatomy and functions of tissue systems in dicots and monocots.
Structural Organisation in Animals: Morphology, Anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive,
circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of frog
Cell -The Unit of Life Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life, structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells;
Plant cell and animal cell; cell envelope; cell membrane, cell wall; cell organelles - structure
and function; endomembrane system- endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi bodies,
lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, plastids, microbodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella,
centrioles (ultrastructure and function); nucleus.
Biomolecules Chemical constituents of living cells: biomolecules, structure and function of proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes - properties, enzyme action. Activators and
Inhibitors of Enzyme factors effecting activity of enzyme.
Cell Cycle and Cell Division: Cell cycle, cell death mitosis, meiosis and their significance
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History
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Condition of India in the 6th Century BCE - Magadha empire and other kingdoms,
Mahajanapadas, India of the Pre-Mauryan period - Nandas - Persian invasion -
Alexander’s invasion - Results, The Mauryan period - Sources - Chandragupta
Maurya - Asoka - Mauryan Administration - Asoka’s Dhamma - Development of Art
and Architecture - Decline of Mauryas, Indo-Greek rule in the northwest, Cholas,
Cheras and Pandyas in South India; Satavahanas in the Deccan, Shakas, Kanishka,
Gupta rulers, Rise of Chalukyas in Karnataka and the Pallavas in Tamil Nadu, India
of Gupta period - Administration - Social, Economic and Cultural conditions - Hun
invasions and decline of the Guptas, Harshavardhana - Sources – Political-Social,
Religious and Cultural life etc.
Early Societies (C. 600 BCE – 600 CE)
Social Histories: Using the Mahabharata, Issues in social history, including caste,
class, kinship and gender, transmission and publication of the Mahabharata.
Cultural Development (C. 600 BCE – 600 CE)
Early Vedic Traditions, Later Vedic Traditions, early Upanishads, Earliest Temples,
Rise of Jainism - Mahavira - Principles of Jainism - Digambaras and Shwetambaras -
Spread of Jainism – Contributions, Rise of Buddhism - Buddha - Principles of
Buddhism - Hinayana and Mahayana sects - Spread of
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Sanskrit
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सामाɊ ʩाकरण शɨŝपािण, धातुŝपािण, सİɀ ,वाlj पįरवतŊन, उपसगŊ ,Ůȑय, समास, अशुİȠ संशोधन, कारक, अʩय, छȽ्, अलƾार, अपिठत गȨांश, पũ, लघुकथा, वाताŊलाप, संˋृ त अनुवाद संˋृ त सािहȑ का इितहास (क) सामाɊ संˋृ त का पįरचय (संˋृ त शɨ की ʩुȋित, पįरभाषा और िवकास) (ख) वेद, उपिनषद, Űा˦ण, आरǻक, वेदाडग् पुराण, रामायण, महाभारत (संिƗɑ ǒान) ˘ातक एव ˘ातकोतर ˑर वैिदक सािहȑ लौिकक सािहȑ पįरचय (गȨ, पȨ, एव नाटक) उनके लेखक और महाकिव वाʝीिक, वेदʩास, कािलदास, माघ भास, अʷघोश, ŵी हषŊ, भारिव, शूūक, िवशाखदत, भवभूित, भȅŊहįर, बाणभट्, दǷी, अİɾका दत ʩास, िवˁुशमाŊ। भारतीय दशŊन काʩ शा˓ भाषा िवǒान एव ʩाकरण
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Political Science
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Theories of state: Liberal, Neo-liberal, Marxist, Pluralist, post-colonial, and Feminist. Justice: Conceptions of justice with special reference to Rawl’s theory of justice and its communitarian critiques.
Equality: Social, political, and economic; the relationship between equality and freedom; Affirmative action.
Rights: Meaning and theories; different kinds of rights; Concept of Human Rights.
Democracy: Classical and contemporary theories; different models of democracyrepresentative, participatory and deliberative.
Secularism: What is Secularism? Secular state, The Western and Indian perspective of Secularism. Salient features of Indian secularism
Citizenship: meaning of citizenship, Citizens, and citizenship, National and Global Citizenship
Nationalism: Meaning of Nationalism. Nations and nationalism, Nationalism, Pluralism, and Multiculturalism
Concept of power: hegemony, ideology, and legitimacy.
Political Ideologies: Liberalism, Socialism, Marxism, Fascism, Gandhism and Feminism.
Indian Political Thought: Dharamshastra, Kautilya, Agganna Sutta, Barani, Kabir, Pandita Ramabai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Swami Vivekanand, Rabindranath Tagore, M.K Gandhi, Sri Aurobindo, Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, Muhammad Iqbal, M.N.Roy, V D Savarkar, Dr. B.R.Ambedkar, J L Nehru, Ram Manohar Lohia, Jaya Prakash Narayan, Deendayal Upadhyaya
Western Political Thought: Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, John S. Mill, Marx, Gramsci, Hannah Arendt.
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Physics
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1. Mathematical Methods of Physics Dimensional analysis, Vector algebra and vector calculus. Linear algebra, matrices, Cayley-Hamilton Theorem. Eigen values and eigenvectors. Linear ordinary differential equations of first & second order, Special functions (Hermite, Bessel, Laguerre and Legendre functions). Fourier series, Fourier and Laplace transforms. Elements of complex analysis, analytic functions; Taylor & Laurent series; poles, residues and evaluation of integrals. Elementary probability theory, random variables, binomial, Poisson and normal distributions. 2. Solid State Physics Semiconductors; semiconductor diode- I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as amplifier(common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates and its combination. Transistor and switch. 3. Geometrical and Physical Optics Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens-maker's formula. Magnification, power of lens, combination of thin lenses in contact. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism. Scattering of light and its application. Optical instruments: Human eye-eye defects and its correction. Microscopes and astronomical telescopes and their magnifying powers. Wave front and Huygens' principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens' principle. Interference, young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarized light; Brewster's law, uses of plane polarized light and Polaroids. 4. Properties of Bulk Matter Elastic behavior, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's law, modulus of elasticity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications. Viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity, Reynolds’s number, streamline and turbulent flow. Bernoulli's theorem and its applications. Surface energy and surface tension, application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat -calorimetry; change of state - latent heat. Heat transferconduction, convection and radiation, thermal conductivity, Newton's law of cooling.
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Physical Education
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. History and Concept of Physical Education Meaning, Aims, Objectives, Scope, Need and Importance. Misconceptions about Physical Education and Modern Concept of Physical Education. History of Physical Education in India: Pre and Post Independence period Physical Education in ancient Greece, Rome, Germany, France, Russia, China and Japan 2. Changing Trends & Management of Sports Events Changing Trends in Sports technological Advancement in playing Surface, Wearable Gears, Sports Equipment etc. Fixtures and their procedures. Knockout, league and combination tournament. 3. Major Sports Events Olympic Games: Ancient and modern Olympic Games Winter Olympics, Para Olympics, Deaflympics and Special Olympics Asian Games SAF Games Common Wealth Games World Athletics meet Indoor Athletic Meet World cups 4. Kinesiology & Bio Mechanics: Joints and their movements – planes and axes. Kinetics, Kinematics-linear and angular, levers. Centre of Gravity, Projectile and friction Laws of motion, principles of equilibrium and force, spin and elasticity. Posture, Postural deformities and their correction. Muscular analysis of Motor movement. Mechanical analysis of various sports activities. Mechanical analysis of fundamental movements – (running, jumping, throwing, pulling and pushing). Sports Massage types and therapeutic exercises 5. Yoga Meaning and Definition of Yoga Importance of yoga Elements of yoga (asthang Yoga) Yogic Kriyas (Shat Kriyas, Asanas, Pranayam, Meditation) Yoga as preventive measure for lifestyle diseases: Obesity, Asthama, Hypertension, Back Pain and Diabeties
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Music Vocal
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RAGAS – DETAILED KNOWLEDGE, COMPARISON AND THEIR IDENTIFICATIONAhir bhairav, Bilaskhani Todi, Puriya dhanashri, Malkauns, Bhairav, Shudh Sarang, Bhimpalasi, Jog, Alhaiya Bilawal, Puriya Kalyan. 2. MUSICAL FORMS – Dhrupad, khyal, Tarana, Thumri, Tappa, Dadra, Hori, Sadra, Dhamar, Kajri chaiti, Bhajan, Ghazal. 3. DEFINITIONS – Gram, Murchhana, Nibadh-Anibadh Gaan, Bol-baant, Murki, Resonance, Nyas-Apnyas, Kan, Gamak, Vibration, Maargi aur Deshi Sangeet, Avirbhav-Tirobhav, Melody-Harmony. 4. TALAS – PARICHAY AND ABILITY TO WRITE DIFFERENT LAYAKARIES.-Deepchandi, Dhmar, Jhaptal, Chautal, Ektal, Roopak, Teentaal, Jhumara, Adachautal, Teevra. 5. MUSICAL TREATISES (GRANTH)- Natyashashtra, Sangeet Parijat, Sangeet Ratnakar, Sangeet Makrand,Raag Tarangini, Brihaddeshi, Swarmel kalanidhi, Chaturdandi Prakaashika. 6. LIFE SKETCHES – Alladiyan khan, Bhimsen Joshi, Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande, Vishnu Digamber Paluskar, Faiyaz Khan, Omkar Nath Thakur, Amir Khusro, Haridas. 7. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS – Harmonium, Tanpura, Tabla, Pakhawaj, Swarmandal, Sarangi, Sarod, Flute. 8. MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS – I. Historical development of Indian classical music from 13th to 15th century II. Gharana- Definition and Importance. III. Aesthetics of Raga & Tala in Indian classical Music. IV. Notation System of Pdt. Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande, Pdt. Vishnu Digambar Paluskar and Western Music. V. Kanth Saadhna. VI. Role of Media. VII. Music Education- Merits and Demerits of Guru Shishya Parampara, Institutionalized Music Education and Online Music Education. VIII. Time Theory of Raga
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Mathematics
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1. SETS : Sets and their representations. Empty set. Finite and infinite set. Equal sets.Subset of the set of real numbers especially intervals (with notations). Power set. Universal set. Venn – diagrams. Union and intersection of sets. Complement of a set. 2. RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS: Ordered pairs. Cartesian product of sets. Number of elements in the Cartesian product of two finite sets. Cartesian product of the reals with itself (up to R x R x R)Definition of relation , pictorial diagram , domain , co – domain and range of a relation. Function as a special kind of relation from one set to another. Pictorial representation of a function, domain , co – domain and range of a function. Real value function of the real variable , domain and range of these functions. Type of functions : constant , identity , polynomial , rational , modulus , signum and greatest integer functions with their graphs.Sum , difference , product and quotients of functions. Types of relations : reflexive , symmetric & transitive. Equivalence relations. One to one and onto functions.Composite functions.Inverse of a function. Groups, subgroups, normal groups 3. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION. Processes of proof by induction, Motivating the application of the method by looking at natural numbers as the least inductive subset of real numbers.The principle of mathematical induction and simple applications. 4. PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS Fundamental principle of counting . Factorial ‘n’ (i.e. n!). Permutations and combinations derivations of formulae and their connections, simple applications. Fundamental theorem of arithmetic, divisibility in Z, Congruence , Chinese remainder theorem, Euler’s function. 5. BINOMIAL THEOREM History , statement and proof of the binomial theorem for positive integral indices. Pascal triangle , general term and middle term in the binomial expansion , simple applications. 6. LINEAR INEQULITIES & LINEAR PROGRAMMING Linear inequalities . Algebraic solutions of linear inequalities in one variable and their representations on the number line.Graphical solutions of linear inequalities in two variables . Solution of system of linear inequalities in two variables - graphically.
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Home Science
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Unit-I FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOOD SCIENCE AND FOOD TECHNOLOGY : DEFINITION, MEANING METHOD OF COOKING AND PROCESSING, FOOD PRESERVATION AND ADULTERATION. FOOD STANDARDS, SAFETY OF FOOD, QUALITY, LABELS AND FOOD SPOILAGE. MEAL PLANNING – PRINCIPLES OF MEAL PLANNING. Unit-II NUTRITION AND DIETETICS BASIC CONCEPTS OF NUTRITION. FOOD GROUPS – BALANCED DIET, FOOD PYRAMID, MACRO AND MICRO NUTRIENTS. NUTRIENTS – ROLE OF NUTRIENTS IN THE BODY, NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES, DIET COUNSELLING AND MANAGEMENT IN NUTRITIONAL DISEASES. NUTRITION AND HEALTH PROGRAMMES/POLICIES IN INDIA. PUBLIC HEALTH NUTRITION. CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTIC NUTRITION. DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION PROCESS OF MAJOR NUTRIENTS. HEALTH AND WELLNESS. Unit-III HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY STUDIES PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. THEORIES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOUR. EARLY CHILDHOOD CARE AND EDUCATION – MEANING, IMPORTANCE AND OBJECTIVES. INFLUENCE OF FAMILY, PEERS, SCHOOL ETC. ON PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT. EARLY IDENTIFICATION, TREATMENT, PREVENTION AND REHABILITATION OF EACH CATEGORY OF CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS. ADOLESCENCE, ADULTHOOD – CHARACTERISTICS AND PROBLEMS. DYNAMICS OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY, FAMILY WELFARE ORGANISATIONS IN INDIA. NEED OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING AT EACH LIFE SPAN STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT.
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Geography
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Topic I: Geography as a disciplineGeographical ideas in ancient, medieval & modern periods: the contributions of Varenius, Kant, Reine, Humboldt and Ritter. Influence of Richthofen and Darwin. Videl-da-la Blache, F. Ratzel etc. Contemporary geography: Post Second World War, Environmentalism, Areal Differentiation, spatial organization, Behavioural and perceptual Geography. Positivism in Geography. Humanistic Geography. Marxist Geography and critical social theory. Development in Indian Geography. Topic-2 Origin and Evolution of the EarthIntroduction to the solar system, Motions of Earth: Rotation, Revolution, Occurrence of Day and Night; change of seasons; Latitudes and Longitudes; Finding time. Earth's Interior: Origin of contents and ocean basis Wagener's Continental drift theory, Theory of Plate Tectonics Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Folding and faulting Origin of the Earth: Nebular hypothesis (old Theory) and Big-Bang Theory. Evolution of continents, atmosphere and oceans. Topic-3 Interior of the Earth and Distribution of oceans and continentsConstitution of Earth's interior (based on Seismic Evidences), origin of the continents and ocean basins. Wegner's theory of Continental drift and Plate Tectonics. Plate movements and interactionsVolcanism and seismicity. Topic-4 LandformsMineral and rocks- classification of rocks, rock cycle. Important minerals geomorphic process of denudation Endogenic and Exogenic processes. Mass Wasting, Landslide, Work of River, Glacier Wind, Sea Waves etc, processes of soil formation. Topic-5 Climate: Atmosphere: Composition and structure. Insolation and temperature, Atmospheric pressure and winds, Atmospheric moisture, cyclones, classification of climate (Koeppen and Thornthwaite Schemes classification). Global climatic changes: Causes and effects.
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English
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▪ Poetry: William Wordsworth. John Keats, S.T. Coleridge, T.S. Eliot, John Milton, P.B. Shelly, Kamla Das ▪ Drama: William Shakespeare, George Bernard Shaw, Michael Cristofer ▪ Fiction: Jane Austen, Thomas Hardy, Charles Dickens, R.K. Narayan ▪ Literary Criticism: Aristotle, William Wordsworth, T.S. Eliot, Mathew Arnold ▪ American Literature: Walt-Whitman, Mark Twain, ErnestHemingway, John Updike ▪ Neo- Classicism: Samuel Johnson, Henry Fielding, ▪ Reading: Unseen passage (Factual, descriptive or literary) to assess comprehension, interpretation inference and vocabulary, Unseen case-based passage with verbal/visual inputs like statistical data, charts etc, Note making and summarization based on a passage.
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Economics
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Micro – Economic Analysis
Macro – Economic Analysis
Development and Planning
Public Finance
International Economics
Indian Economy
Measures of Central Tendency. Geometric mean and harmonic mean. Measures of dispersion. Lorenz Curve
Meaning and its application. Correlation–meaning. Measures of correlation-Karl Pearson’s method
Spearman’ srank correlation
Time series analysis
Introduction to Index Numbers-meaning, types -wholesale price index, consumer price index and index of industrial production
uses of index numbers
Inflation and index numbers.
Statistics for Economics
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