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List of Amendments in Indian Constitution
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Amendment
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Year
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Key Provision
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First Amendment Act
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1951
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Empowered states for the advancement of backward classes; added grounds for restrictions on speech; protected land reform laws in the Ninth Schedule.
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Second Amendment Act
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1952
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Readjusted representation in Lok Sabha (one member for >7,50,000).
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Third Amendment Act
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1954
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Empowered Parliament to control food production and distribution in public interest.
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Fourth Amendment Act
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1955
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Made compensation for property acquisition non-justiciable; authorized nationalization of trade.
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Fifth Amendment Act
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1955
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Empowered the president to set time limits for state views on Central legislation.
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Sixth Amendment Act
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1956
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Included inter-state trade taxes in Union list; restricted state powers.
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Seventh Amendment Act
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1956
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Abolished classification of states; reorganized into 14 states and 6 union territories.
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Eighth Amendment Act
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1960
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Extended reservation for SCs, STs, and Anglo-Indians in Lok Sabha and state assemblies until 1970.
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Ninth Amendment Act
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1960
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Facilitated cession of Berubari Union to Pakistan.
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Tenth Amendment Act
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1961
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Incorporated Dadra and Nagar Haveli into the Indian Union.
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Eleventh Amendment Act
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1961
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Changed vice-president election procedure to electoral college; ensured elections cannot be challenged due to college vacancies.
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Twelfth Amendment Act
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1962
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Incorporated Goa, Daman, and Diu into the Indian Union.
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Thirteenth Amendment Act
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1962
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Granted state status to Nagaland with special provisions.
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Fourteenth Amendment Act
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1962
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Incorporated Puducherry; created legislatures for several Union Territories.
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Fifteenth Amendment Act
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1963
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Allowed high courts to issue writs outside territorial jurisdiction; increased retirement age of judges.
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Sixteenth Amendment Act
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1963
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Empowered states to impose restrictions on rights in interest of sovereignty; included sovereignty in oaths for legislators and officials.
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Seventeenth Amendment Act
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1964
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Prohibited acquisition of land under personal cultivation without compensation; added 44 acts to Ninth Schedule.
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Eighteenth Amendment Act
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1966
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Clarified Parliament's power to create new states/UTs.
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Nineteenth Amendment Act
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1966
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Abolished Election Tribunals; High Courts to hear election petitions.
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Twentieth Amendment Act
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1966
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Validated certain district judge appointments declared void by the Supreme Court.
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Twenty-First Amendment Act
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1967
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Included Sindhi as the 15th language in the Eighth Schedule.
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Twenty-Second Amendment Act
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1969
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Facilitated creation of Meghalaya as an autonomous state within Assam.
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Twenty-Third Amendment Act
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1969
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Extended reservation for SCs, STs, and Anglo-Indians until 1980.
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Twenty-Fourth Amendment Act
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1971
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Affirmed Parliament's power to amend the Constitution, including fundamental rights.
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Twenty-Fifth Amendment Act
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1971
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Curtailed the right to property; laws under Directive Principles cannot be challenged.
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Twenty-Sixth Amendment Act
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1971
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Abolished privy purses and privileges of former rulers.
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Twenty-Seventh Amendment Act
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1971
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Empowered administrators of certain UTs to promulgate ordinances; special provisions for Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram.
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Twenty-Eighth Amendment Act
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1972
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Abolished privileges of ICS officers; empowered Parliament to determine service conditions.
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Twenty-Ninth Amendment Act
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1972
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Included two Kerala land reform acts in the Ninth Schedule.
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Thirtieth Amendment Act
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1972
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Limited appeals to the Supreme Court to substantial questions of law.
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Thirty-First Amendment Act
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1972
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Increased Lok Sabha seats from 525 to 545.
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Thirty-Second Amendment Act
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1973
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Made provisions for Telengana aspirations in Andhra Pradesh.
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Thirty-Third Amendment Act
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1974
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Resignation of Parliament/state legislature members can only be accepted if genuine.
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Thirty-Fourth Amendment Act
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1974
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Included 20 more land tenure acts in the Ninth Schedule.
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Thirty-Fifth Amendment Act
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1974
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Terminated Sikkim's protectorate status; added Tenth Schedule for its association.
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Thirty-Sixth Amendment Act
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1975
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Made Sikkim a full-fledged state and omitted the Tenth Schedule.
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Thirty-Seventh Amendment Act
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1975
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Provided legislative assembly and council of ministers for Arunachal Pradesh.
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Thirty-Eighth Amendment Act
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1975
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Made emergency declarations and ordinances non-justiciable; allowed multiple emergencies.
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Thirty-Ninth Amendment Act
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1975
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Placed disputes involving key political figures beyond judiciary; included Central acts in the Ninth Schedule.
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Fortieth Amendment Act
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1976
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Empowered Parliament to specify maritime limits; included more laws in the Ninth Schedule.
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Forty-First Amendment Act
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1976
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Raised retirement age for state commission members from 60 to 62.
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Forty-Second Amendment Act
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1976
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Comprehensive amendment; added "socialist", "secular", "integrity" to Preamble; introduced Fundamental Duties; curtailed judicial review.
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Forty-Third Amendment Act
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1977
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Restored judicial review and high court powers; limited Parliament's powers against anti-national activities.
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Forty-Fourth Amendment Act
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1978
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Restored original term of Lok Sabha; reintroduced quorum requirements; redefined terms related to emergencies.
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Forty-Fifth Amendment Act
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1980
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Extended reservation for SCs, STs, and Anglo-Indians in Lok Sabha until 1990.
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Forty-Sixth Amendment Act
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1982
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Enabled states to collect sales tax more effectively; standardized tax rates.
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Forty-Seventh Amendment Act
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1984
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Included 14 land reform acts in the Ninth Schedule.
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Forty-Eighth Amendment Act
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1984
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Extended President's rule in Punjab beyond one year without special conditions.
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Forty-Ninth Amendment Act
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1984
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Provided constitutional sanctity to Autonomous District Council in Tripura.
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Fiftieth Amendment Act
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1984
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Empowered Parliament to restrict Fundamental Rights of persons in intelligence and telecommunication organizations for armed forces.
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Fifty-First Amendment Act
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1984
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Reserved seats in Lok Sabha for STs in Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, and Mizoram, and in Legislative Assemblies of Meghalaya and Nagaland.
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Fifty-Second Amendment Act
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1985
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Disqualified members of Parliament and state legislatures on grounds of defection; added new Tenth Schedule.
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Fifty-Third Amendment Act
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1986
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Made special provisions for Mizoram; fixed its Assembly strength at a minimum of 40 members.
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Fifty-Fourth Amendment Act
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1986
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Increased salaries of Supreme Court and high court judges; enabled Parliament to change them by ordinary law.
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Fifty-Fifth Amendment Act
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1986
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Made special provisions for Arunachal Pradesh; fixed its Assembly strength at a minimum of 30 members.
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Fifty-Sixth Amendment Act
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1987
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Fixed strength of Goa Legislative Assembly at a minimum of 30 members.
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Fifty-Seventh Amendment Act
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1987
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Reserved seats for STs in legislative assemblies of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland.
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Fifty-Eighth Amendment Act
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1987
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Provided authoritative text of the Constitution in Hindi; gave Hindi version legal sanctity.
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Fifty-Ninth Amendment Act
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1988
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Facilitated extension of President’s Rule in Punjab up to three years; allowed declaration of national emergency in Punjab due to internal disturbance.
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Sixtieth Amendment Act
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1988
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Increased tax ceiling on professions, trades, callings, and employments from ₹250 to ₹2,500 per annum.
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Sixty-First Amendment Act
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1989
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Reduced voting age from 21 years to 18 years for Lok Sabha and state assembly elections.
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Sixty-Second Amendment Act
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1989
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Extended reservation for SCs, STs, and special representation for Anglo-Indians in Lok Sabha and state assemblies for ten more years (up to 2000).
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Sixty-Third Amendment Act
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1989
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Repealed changes from the 59th Amendment regarding Punjab; aligned emergency provisions with other states.
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Sixty-Fourth Amendment Act
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1990
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Extended President’s Rule in Punjab up to three years and six months.
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Sixty-Fifth Amendment Act
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1990
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Established a multi-member National Commission for SCs and STs instead of a Special Officer.
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Sixty-Sixth Amendment Act
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1990
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Included 55 more land reform Acts in the Ninth Schedule.
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Sixty-Seventh Amendment Act
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1990
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Extended President’s Rule in Punjab up to four years.
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Sixty-Eighth Amendment Act
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1991
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Extended President’s Rule in Punjab up to five years.
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Sixty-Ninth Amendment Act
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1991
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Accorded special status to Delhi as National Capital Territory; provided for a 70-member legislative assembly and 7-member council of ministers.
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Seventieth Amendment Act
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1992
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Included members of Delhi and Puducherry Legislative Assemblies in the electoral college for the President's election.
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Seventy-First Amendment Act
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1992
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Included Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali in the Eighth Schedule, increasing total scheduled languages to 18.
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Seventy-Second Amendment Act
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1992
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Provided reservation for STs in the Tripura Legislative Assembly.
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Seventy-Third Amendment Act
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1992
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Granted constitutional status to panchayati raj institutions; added Part-IX and an Eleventh Schedule with 29 functional items.
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Seventy-Fourth Amendment Act
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1992
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Granted constitutional status to urban local bodies; added Part IX-A and a Twelfth Schedule with 18 functional items.
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Seventy-Fifth Amendment Act
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1994
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Established rent tribunals for disputes related to rent, regulation, and control.
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Seventy-Sixth Amendment Act
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1994
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Included Tamil Nadu Reservation Act in the Ninth Schedule to protect it from judicial review.
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Seventy-Seventh Amendment Act
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1995
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Provided for reservation in promotions for SCs and STs, nullifying Supreme Court ruling on the same.
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Seventy-Eighth Amendment Act
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1995
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Included 27 more land reform Acts in the Ninth Schedule, raising the total to 284.
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Seventy-Ninth Amendment Act
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1999
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Extended reservation for SCs, STs, and special representation for Anglo-Indians for another ten years (up to 2010).
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Eightieth Amendment Act
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2000
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Provided for alternative scheme of revenue devolution between Centre and states based on Tenth Finance Commission recommendations.
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Eighty-First Amendment Act
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2000
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Empowered states to consider unfilled reserved vacancies as a separate class; ended 50% ceiling on backlog vacancies.
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Eighty-Second Amendment Act
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2000
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Allowed provisions for relaxation in qualifying marks for SCs and STs in promotions.
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Eighty-Third Amendment Act
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2000
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No reservation for SCs in panchayats in Arunachal Pradesh due to the absence of SCs.
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Eighty-Fourth Amendment Act
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2001
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Extended ban on readjustment of seats in Lok Sabha and state assemblies for another 25 years (up to 2026); readjustment based on 1991 census.
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Eighty-Fifth Amendment Act
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2001
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Provided for consequential seniority in promotions for SCs and STs with retrospective effect from June 1995.
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Eighty-Sixth Amendment Act
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2002
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Made elementary education a fundamental right; revised Article 45 and added a new fundamental duty under Article 51-A.
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Eighty-Seventh Amendment Act
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2003
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Readjusted territorial constituencies based on 2001 census population figures.
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Eighty-Eighth Amendment Act
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2003
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Made provisions for service tax, with revenue shared by Centre and states.
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Eighty-Ninth Amendment Act
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2003
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Bifurcated National Commission for SCs and STs into two separate bodies.
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Ninetieth Amendment Act
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2003
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Maintained representation of STs and non-STs in Assam legislative assembly from Bodoland Territorial Areas District.
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Ninety-First Amendment Act
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2003
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Limited size of Council of Ministers; barred defectors from public office; strengthened anti-defection law; eliminated exemption for splits.
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Ninety-Second Amendment Act
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2003
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Included four languages (Bodo, Dogri, Mathili, Santhali) in the Eighth Schedule; total languages increased to 22.
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Ninety-Third Amendment Act
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2005
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Empowered states to make provisions for socially and educationally backward classes in educational institutions.
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Ninety-Fourth Amendment Act
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2006
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Freed Bihar from obligation of having a tribal welfare minister; extended to Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.
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Ninety-Fifth Amendment Act
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2009
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Extended reservation for SCs, STs, and special representation for Anglo-Indians for another ten years (up to 2020).
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Ninety-Sixth Amendment Act
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2011
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Substituted "Odia" for "Oriya" in the Eighth Schedule.
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Ninety-Seventh Amendment Act
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2011
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Gave constitutional status to co-operative societies; included new Directive Principles on co-operatives; added Part IX-B.
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Ninety-Eighth Amendment Act
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2012
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Provided special provisions for Hyderabad-Karnataka region for equitable fund allocation and enhanced local employment opportunities.
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Ninety-Ninth Amendment Act
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2014
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Replaced collegium system with National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC); declared unconstitutional in 2015, reverting to collegium system.
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One Hundred Amendment Act
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2015
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Amended provisions relating to territories of Assam, West Bengal, Meghalaya, and Tripura due to land boundary agreements with Bangladesh.
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101st Amendment Act
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2016
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Introduced Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime; conferred concurrent taxing powers on Parliament and State Legislatures; established GST Council; provided compensation for revenue loss to states.
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102nd Amendment Act
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2018
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Conferred constitutional status on National Commission for Backward Classes; empowered President to specify backward classes.
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103rd Amendment Act
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2019
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Empowered states to make provisions for advancement of economically weaker sections; allowed up to 10% reservation in educational institutions and government jobs for such sections.
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104rth Amendment Act
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2020
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Ceased reservation for Anglo-Indians in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies; extended SC/ST reservations for 10 more years.
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105th Amendment Act
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2021
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Restored state powers to identify Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs).
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106th Amendment Act
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2023
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Reserved one-third of all seats for women in Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies, and the Legislative Assembly of the National Capital Territory of Delhi for a period of 15 years.
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