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Important Facts and Data for UPSC Mains 2025

Important Facts and Data for UPSC Mains 2025 will add credibility to your answers. Make sure to incorporate important facts and data for UPSC Mains 2025 to enhance your performance.
authorImageDeeksha Dixit6 Jun, 2025
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Important Facts and Data for UPSC Mains 2025

 

Important Facts and Data for UPSC Mains 2025:  In the UPSC Mains, the data and facts are useful tools to improve answers. By using accurate and relevant data and facts for UPSC Mains 2025, candidates can substantiate their arguments, demonstrate a deep understanding of topics, and provide concrete examples that enhance their analysis.

The use of facts and data for UPSC Mains showcases the candidate’s understanding of current issues and ability to critically analyze various dimensions of a topic. Read on to get UPSC Mains key data across various sections that will help you excel in your preparation, and download the important facts and data for UPSC Mains 2025 for revision.

Society and Social Issues Data for UPSC Mains 2025

fSociety and social issues are crucial subjects in UPSC Mains GS 1 and GS 2 papers. The figures below illustrate the diversity and challenges within Indian society, crucial for your UPSC Mains 2025 preparation.
Important Data for UPSC Mains on Society and Social Issues
Tribes in India
  • Tribals make up 8.6% of India's population.
  • There are over 700 tribal groups in India, out of which around 75 are PVTGs
India as a Multilingual Society
  • 196 Indian languages are in danger of extinction (UNESCO’s Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger of Disappearing)
Women
  • 23.3% of women aged 20-24 are married before 18.
  • 43.3% of women respondents reported owning a house/land alone or jointly. (NFHS-5)
  • World Inequality Report 2022: Men in India capture 82% of labour income, while women earn just 18%.
Children
  • Of the total cases of crime against children registered in 2021, 36% relate to sexual offenses (under the POCSO Act). (NCRB 2022)
  • 10.1 million working children in the age group of 5-14 years.
Population and Associated Issues
  • India's total fertility rate (TFR) has declined from 2.2 in 2015-16 to 2.0 in 2019-21.
  • India’s population is forecasted to peak around 1.6 billion in 2048 (Lancet)
Important Schemes
  • Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN)
  • PM Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan
  • Pradhan Mantri Vanbandhu Vikas Yojana
  • Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP)
  • PM Vaya Vandana Yojana

Polity and Governance Data for UPSC Mains 2025

Polity and governance are central to the UPSC Mains GS 2 syllabus. Knowing UPSC Mains factual information on issues related to polity and governance will help you understand the effectiveness and challenges of governance in India.
Polity and Governance Data for UPSC Mains 2025
Governance
  • Gujarat has topped the composite ranking in the Good Governance Index 2021, covering 10 sectors, followed by Maharashtra and Goa.
E-Governance
  • India ranks 105 out of 193 countries. (UN e-governance Development Index (2022))
Judiciary
  • Courts saw an increase of over 27% in pendency between December 2019 and April 2022, as per the National Judicial Data Grid.
  • The per capita spending on legal aid in India is just Rs 0.75 ($0.008 USD).
Parliament and Legislatures of UTs and States
  • In the 17th Lok Sabha, 11% of all bills were referred to committees.
  • Question Hour functioned only 77% of the time in Lok Sabha and 47% of the time in Rajya Sabha (PRS Legislative Research).
Prison Reforms
  • A total of 1,361 jails across the country had over 4.50 lakh prisoners, around 60,000 more than the total capacity of all prisons (NCRB report).
Schemes for Good Governance
  • E-Governance: PRAGATI, Digital India Program, MCA21, Passport Seva Kendra (PSK), online Income Tax Return, etc.
  • Aspirational Districts Programme by NITI Aayog

Economy and Development Data for UPSC Mains 2025

UPSC Mains exam facts in Union Budget 2025, Economic Survey 2025, and other documents on Economics are vital for answering questions on growth and development. These statistics are key to discussing economic trends and policies in your UPSC Mains 2025 answers.
Important Data for UPSC Mains 2025 on Economy and Development
Economic Growth
  • GDP Growth FY25 (2024-25): Projected at 6.5% by the government and NSO; actual growth for the March 2025 quarter was 7.4%, the highest in the fiscal year, with overall FY25 growth at 6.5%
  • India is surpassing Japan, becoming the world’s fourth-largest economy in nominal GDP terms by 2025 (USD 4.187 trillion)
Employment, Unemployment, and Skill Development
  • India’s unemployment rate stood at 5.1% in April 2025. (Periodic Labour Force Survey)
  • UNICEF 2019 reports that at least 47% of Indian youth are not on track to have the education and skills necessary for employment in 2030.
Taxation
  • Tax rate reduced from 40% to 35% for foreign companies in the Union Budget 2024-25
  • Only 6.08 cr individuals pay taxes in India.
Inclusive Growth
  • 485 million poor people live in severe poverty (UNDP).
  • India ranked 62nd out of 74th and was the least inclusive among G-20 nations. (WEF).
Agriculture
  • Nearly half of India’s workforce is sustained by the agriculture sector, i.e. 15% of GDP is supporting some 45% of the workforce.
  • Private investment in agriculture increased to 9.3% in 2020-21. (ES)
Industry and Infrastructure
  • In 2014, 92% of mobile devices sold in the country were imported, whereas by 2022, 97% of mobile devices were manufactured domestically.
  • India currently ranks fifth in installed solar power capacity.
  • Logistics costs in India have been in the range of 14-18 percent of GDP.

Environment Data for UPSC Mains 2025

Environmental issues are increasingly important in UPSC exams. A grasp of data related to environment and ecology is essential to answer GS 3 questions. Such data highlight the environmental challenges and conservation efforts needed in India.
Important Environment Data for UPSC Mains 2025
Indian Biodiversity
  • India is one of the most biodiverse regions of the world and contains four of the world’s 36 biodiversity hotspots.
  • As of 2020-21, there are 981 protected areas, including 104 National Parks and 566 Wildlife Sanctuaries.
Wildlife
  • The tiger population in India is estimated to be 3,167.
  • 78% increase in the number of environmental crimes between 2019 and 2020. (State of India's Environment 2022)
Forest Conservation
  • 30% of districts in India are vulnerable to extreme forest fires (CEEW).
  • Deforestation is responsible for approximately 11% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
Water Resources
  • 75 percent of households in India do not have access to drinking water on their premises. (NITI Aayog).
  • 70% of India’s thermal power plants are likely to face high water stress by 2030.
Water Pollution
  • Almost 60% of polluted river stretches are concentrated in eight states: Maharashtra, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Gujarat, Odisha, West Bengal, and Karnataka.
  • 70% of surface water in India is unfit for consumption. (WEF)
Climate Change
  • Over 40% of Indian districts are experiencing a swapping trend, where flood- prone areas are becoming drought-prone, and vice versa.
  • At the 26th edition of the Conference of the Parties (COP) in 2021, India pledged to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2070.
Also, candidates can quote Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the relevant part of the answer to enrich them further.

Science and Technology Data for UPSC Mains 2025

Science and technology advancements play a crucial role in national development. This topic forms an integral part of the GS 3 paper. Further, candidates may also face an Essay topic related to Science and Technology. This data will help you discuss India's technological progress and challenges.
Science and Technology Data for UPSC Mains 2025
Intellectual Property and Patent India has improved its overall International Intellectual Property (IIP) score from 38.4% to 3 8.6%. (IIPI 2022).
Artificial Intelligence Al has the potential to add around $1 trillion to India's economy and boost India's annual growth rate by 1.3% by 2035. (NITI Aayog)
Information and Communication Technology
  • Internet penetration in India is 52.4%.
  • India has the second-largest internet user market behind China.
  • ICT sector Growth rate: India aims to grow the ICT sector to $1 trillion by 2025, or 20 percent of GDP.
Research and Development India is now placed at 40th position among the top innovative economies. (Global Innovation Index 2022)
Space Technology
  • Investment in Indian Space Start-Ups increased to $ 124.7 Million in 2023: Dr Jitendra Singh.
  • India’s space industry is currently valued at $8 billion.
  • 100% FDI in the space sector allowed.

Data for UPSC Mains 2025: Internal Security

Internal Security is a critical aspect of the GS 3 paper. The statistics below provide a clear picture of the improvements and ongoing challenges in India's security landscape. Candidates can use these UPSC Mains exam facts on internal security to make their answers better:
Data for UPSC Mains 2025: Internal Security
Left-Wing Extremism
  • LWE violence had come down by 76% in 2022 as compared to 2010.
  • The number of districts affected dropped from 90 to 45.
Insurgency in North East Reduced by 80% in the last eight years while casualties of security forces went down by 75% and civilian deaths by 99%.
Terrorism India ranked 13th in the Global Terrorism Index (GTI) 2023.
Cyber Security
  • India registered 52,974 cybercrime cases in 2021. (NCRB)
  • India ranked 10th in Global Cybersecurity Index (2021)
Money Laundering According to the IMF, the amount of money laundered globally in one year is 2 - 5% of global GDP.

Data for UPSC Mains 2025: Disaster Management

Answering questions in the Disaster Management section requires understanding the risks and preparedness. The data given below is essential for discussing disaster preparedness and response strategies in your UPSC Mains exam.
Disaster Management Data for UPSC Mains 2025
Earthquake
  • In India, about 59% of the land area is vulnerable to earthquakes and 57% of the area lies in high seismic zones. (NDMA)
  • In the last 15 years, 10 major earthquakes have resulted in over 20,000 deaths
  • Initiatives :
    • Earthquake Early Warning System (EEWS)
    • India Quake - Mobile App
Cyclone
  • India’s 8% of land is vulnerable to cyclones.
  • Recent incidents: Remal (2024)
  • Initiatives : Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project
Flood
  • More than 40 million hectares of area are Flood-prone. (Rashtriya Barh Ayog)
  • Recent incidents: Assam floods 2024, Bihar floods 2023, Maharashtra floods 2021, Thoothukudi-Tirunelveli 2023
  • Initiatives:
    • IFLOWS, NDMA Guidelines, Ganga Flood Control Commission
Drought
  • 16% area is prone to droughts.
  • Agricultural drought is probably the most “socially constructed” of all disaster risks (UNISDR 2015)
  • Recent incidents: Karnataka (2024)
Climate Refugee India had around 50 lakh internal displacements caused by disasters and extreme weather conditions like floods, cyclones, and drought in 2019. (‘State of India's Environment 2020 in Figures)
Landslides
  • One of the top four countries with the highest landslide risk.
  • Recent incidents: Uttara Kannada Landslides 2024, Raigad Landslide 2023, Pettimudi Landslide 2020, Joshimath Landslide 2023
  • Initiatives: Landslide Early Warning System (LEWS)

How to Use Facts and Data in UPSC Mains 2025?

Using data effectively in your UPSC Mains 2025 answers can greatly strengthen your arguments making them more credible. Here’s how to integrate data into your UPSC Mains answers:
  • Identify Relevant Data: Focus on key statistics, facts, and examples related to current affairs, historical contexts, and syllabus topics. To ensure the data is accurate and recent refer to PW OnlyIAS Prahaar Mains Booklet 2025.
  • Illustrate Trends and Support Analysis: Use data to highlight trends, back up your analysis, and provide solid evidence for your points.
  • Present Data Clearly: Use bullet points and underline the facts, enhancing readability and making your answers more impactful.
  • Relate Data in Questions: Connect the data to broader themes of questions, such as socio-economic or political implications. This shows your ability to think critically and apply knowledge to real-life situations.
  • Cite Sources: Mention the source of your data, such as 'according to the NITI Aayog report' when using data in an answer. This not only adds credibility but also demonstrates thorough research.
Practice how to use facts and data in your UPSC Mains answers. Enroll in UPSC Courses by PW OnlyIAS now!

Important Facts and Data for UPSC Mains 2025 FAQs

What are the most important current affairs for UPSC Mains 2025?

The most important current affairs for UPSC Mains 2025 include updates on governance, economy, social issues, environment, science and technology, and international relations.

Is it necessary to use facts and data in UPSC Mains 2025?

Yes, using facts and data in UPSC Mains 2025 is necessary to substantiate your arguments and add credibility to your answers.

How to effectively use data in UPSC Mains answers?

Effectively use data in UPSC Mains answers by integrating relevant statistics to support your points, ensuring accuracy, and citing credible sources.

Which is the best source for UPSC Mains facts and data?

The best sources for UPSC Mains facts and data are government reports, economic surveys, UN reports, and PW OnlyIAS Prahaar Mains Booklets.

How can I make my answers stand out in the UPSC Mains 2025 exam?

To make your answers stand out in the UPSC Mains exam, focus on incorporating relevant facts, data, examples, and current affairs while maintaining a clear structure and precise language.
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