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CBSE Class 9 Geography Notes Chapter 4 Climate PDF Download

Here, we have provided CBSE Class 9 Geography Notes Chapter 4. Students can view these climate class 9 notes before exams for better understanding of the chapter.
authorImageAnanya Gupta20 Jan, 2025
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CBSE Class 9 Geography Notes Chapter 4

CBSE Class 9 Geography Notes Chapter 4 Climate: CBSE Class 9 Geography Notes Chapter 4 on Climate are important for understanding the Earth's weather patterns. These notes highlight the key difference between weather and climate, providing clarity on how they are measured and studied. The notes cover the main climatic zones of the world, including tropical, temperate and polar regions, detailing their distinct characteristics and locations on the planet.

Overall, CBSE Class 9 Geography Notes Chapter 4 are an excellent resource for students to gain a clear and thorough understanding of climate, helping them connect the theory with real-world examples and enhancing their learning experience.

CBSE Class 9 Geography Notes Chapter 4 Climate Overview

The notes provide a detailed overview of the Earth's climate system, explaining key concepts in an easy-to-understand manner. They cover important topics such as the differences between weather and climate, the factors influencing climate like temperature, humidity, and wind, and the classification of the world's climatic zones. With detailed explanations and simplified examples these notes help students grasp the complexities of climate patterns and their global significance.

CBSE Class 9 Geography Notes Chapter 4 PDF

You can access the PDF link for CBSE Class 9 Geography Notes Chapter 4 below. Whether you're studying for exams or enhancing your understanding of geography, these notes are a valuable resource to grasp fundamental concepts effectively.

CBSE Class 9 Geography Notes Chapter 4 PDF

CBSE Notes Class 9 Geography Chapter 4 – Climate

Here we have provided climate class 9 notes for the ease of students so that they can prepare better for their exams.

Climate

Climate is the long-term pattern of weather conditions across a region, typically observed over more than thirty years. It encompasses factors like temperature, precipitation, wind, humidity, and atmospheric pressure. Weather, on the other hand, refers to the current state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time, including conditions like temperature, humidity, wind speed, and precipitation occurring right now or in the short term. The year is divided into seasons based on the monthly variations in these atmospheric conditions:
  • Winter: Characterized by cold temperatures and shorter days.
  • Summer: Known for warm to hot temperatures and longer days.
  • Rainy Season: Occurs when there is a significant increase in precipitation, often associated with monsoons or other weather patterns.

Climatic Controls

Climatic conditions are influenced by several key factors:
  1. Latitude : The amount of solar energy received varies with latitude due to the curvature of the Earth. As a result, temperatures generally decrease from the equator towards the poles.
  2. Altitude : Temperature decreases as altitude increases because the atmosphere becomes less dense at higher altitudes. This explains why hill stations are cooler during summer compared to lowlands.
  3. Pressure and Wind Systems : The pressure and wind systems in an area are determined by its latitude and altitude. These systems influence temperature and patterns of rainfall.
  4. Distance from the Sea : Proximity to the sea moderates climate variations. Areas farther inland experience more extreme weather conditions due to continentality, where summers are hotter and winters colder.
  5. Ocean Currents : Coastal climates are influenced by ocean currents. Warm or cold currents affect coastal temperatures, especially when coupled with onshore winds.
  6. Relief Features : Topography significantly affects local climates. Mountains can block cold or hot winds and influence precipitation patterns by forcing air to rise and cool, causing rainfall or snowfall.

Factors Affecting India’s Climate

Factors influencing India's climate include:
  1. Latitude : India spans across various latitudes influenced by the Tropic of Cancer, resulting in a mix of tropical and subtropical climates.
  2. Altitude : With mountains in the north and low coastal areas, India's elevation varies significantly. The northern mountains moderate winter temperatures compared to the plains.
  3. Pressure and Winds : India's climate is shaped by:
    • Surface Winds : Monsoon winds originating from the southern Indian Ocean bring moisture-laden air towards the subcontinent, causing seasonal rainfall.
    • Upper Air Circulation : Jet streams, fast-flowing currents in the upper atmosphere, impact weather patterns.
  4. Western Cyclonic Disturbances and Tropical Cyclones : These weather systems bring significant rainfall and influence regional weather patterns.

The Indian Monsoon

The Indian Monsoon is a crucial weather phenomenon that significantly influences India's climate:
  1. Seasonal Reversal of Winds : Monsoon refers to the seasonal reversal of wind direction. During summer, landmasses in India heat up more than surrounding oceans, creating low-pressure areas over land and high-pressure areas over the seas.
  2. Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) : The shift of the ITCZ over the Ganga plain during summer, known as the monsoon trough, brings heavy rainfall to the region.
  3. High-Pressure Systems : A high-pressure area east of Madagascar and over the Indian Ocean affects the monsoon by influencing wind patterns.
  4. Tibetan Plateau : Intense heating of the Tibetan Plateau creates low-pressure systems at high altitudes, contributing to the monsoon's strength.
  5. Jet Streams : The movement of the westerly jet stream north of the Himalayas and the tropical easterly jet stream over the Indian peninsula during summer also play significant roles in the monsoon's behavior.
  6. Southern Oscillation (SO) : Variations in pressure conditions over the southern oceans, coupled with irregular wind and sea surface temperature changes in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean (known as Southern Oscillation), affect monsoon patterns in the tropics and subtropics.

The Onset of the Monsoon and Withdrawal

The onset and progression of the monsoon in India follow a distinct pattern each year:

Duration and Timing : The monsoon typically lasts for about 100-120 days, starting from early June to mid-September. The arrival of the monsoon is marked by a sudden increase in rainfall, known as the "burst" of the monsoon.

Arrival in Different Regions :

  • Southern India : The monsoon first reaches the southern tip of the Indian peninsula by the first week of June.
  • Branches : It then splits into two branches - the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch.
  • Mumbai : The Arabian Sea branch reaches Mumbai around June 10th.
  • Assam : The Bay of Bengal branch reaches Assam by the first week of June.
  • Central India : By mid-June, the Arabian Sea branch extends over Saurashtra-Kuchchh and central India.
  • Northwestern Plains : Both branches merge over the northwestern part of the Ganga plains.
  • Delhi : Delhi receives monsoon showers from the Bay of Bengal branch by the end of June.
  • Northern India : By the first week of July, western Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, and eastern Rajasthan experience monsoon rains.
  • Complete Coverage : By mid-July, the monsoon covers Himachal Pradesh and spreads across the rest of the country.

Withdrawal of the Monsoon

The withdrawal of the monsoon from India follows a gradual pattern:
  1. Start of Withdrawal : The monsoon begins to withdraw from the northwestern states of India by early September.
  2. Northern Peninsula : By mid-October, the monsoon withdraws completely from the northern half of the peninsula.
  3. Southward Progression : The withdrawal progresses southward:
    • North to South : From north to south, the withdrawal occurs between the first week of December to the first week of January.
    • Completion : By early December, the monsoon has withdrawn from the rest of the country.

The Seasons of India

India experiences four distinct seasons throughout the year, each characterized by unique weather patterns and agricultural significance:

1. The Cold Weather Season (Winter):

  • Duration : Mid-November to February.
  • Features : December and January are the coldest months, with temperatures decreasing from south to north. Days are warm with cold nights, clear skies, low humidity, and variable winds.
  • Significance : Critical for cultivating 'rabi' crops.

2. The Hot Weather Season (Summer):

  • Duration : March to May.
  • Features : Rising temperatures and falling air pressure, especially in northern India. 'Loo', strong hot dry winds, are common. Pre-monsoon showers aid in mango ripening.
  • Significance : Preparation for the monsoon; early mango crop ripening due to pre-monsoon showers.

3. Advancing Monsoon (Rainy Season):

  • Duration : June to September.
  • Mechanism : Southwest monsoon winds originating from the southeast cross the equator and enter India, covering the country over a month.
  • Features : Mawsynram receives the highest average rainfall globally. Monsoon characterized by breaks and tropical depressions affecting rainfall intensity.
  • Significance : Vital for agriculture; planting and growth of 'kharif' crops depend on monsoon rains.

4. Retreating Monsoon (Transition Season):

  • Duration : October to November.
  • Features : Clear skies and rising temperatures mark the retreat of monsoon. Days are hot, nights are cool and pleasant initially but become oppressive due to high humidity ('October heat').
  • Significance : Transition from rainy season to dry winter conditions; critical for harvesting 'kharif' crops and preparing for winter crops.
These seasons play a crucial role in shaping India's agriculture, economy, and daily life, each bringing its own set of challenges and opportunities.

Distribution of Rainfall in India

India exhibits a diverse pattern of rainfall distribution across its vast geography, influencing its agricultural and ecological diversity:

1. High-Rainfall Regions:

  • Western Coast and Northeastern India: Receive over 400 cm of rainfall annually.
  • Features: Lush vegetation and tropical climate supported by heavy monsoon rains.

2. Low-Rainfall Regions:

  • Western Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab: Receive less than 60 cm of rainfall annually.
  • Features: Arid and semi-arid landscapes, characterized by desert and dry scrub vegetation.

3. Moderate-Rainfall Regions:

  • Interior Deccan Plateau and East of Sahyadris: Experience moderate rainfall.
  • Features: Mixed vegetation, including deciduous forests and grasslands.

4. Snowfall Region:

  • Himalayan Region: Receives snowfall, contributing to the perennial rivers originating from the glaciers.
  • Features: Alpine and sub-alpine ecosystems, crucial for riverine systems.

5. Variability:

  • Annual Variability: Rainfall patterns vary significantly from year to year, impacting agriculture and water resources.

Monsoon as a Unifying Bond

The monsoon plays a pivotal role in unifying the diverse regions of India through its seasonal rhythms:
  • Seasonal Alteration: Monsoon winds bring a rhythmic cycle of seasons, affecting weather patterns across the subcontinent.
  • Uncertainties and Unity: Despite uncertainties in rainfall distribution, the anticipation and arrival of monsoon rains are eagerly awaited nationwide.
  • Agricultural Lifeline: Monsoons provide vital water for agriculture, setting in motion planting and growth cycles crucial for the country's food security.

Benefits of CBSE Class 9 Geography Notes Chapter 4

Here are the benefits of CBSE Class 9 Geography Notes Chapter 4 on Climate in points:

Clear Understanding : Helps students easily differentiate between weather and climate.

Explains Key Factors : Covers factors like temperature, humidity, pressure and wind that affect climate.

Climatic Zones : Provides detailed explanations on tropical, temperate and polar climates and their characteristics.

Simplified Concepts : Breaks down complex topics into easy-to-understand explanations with examples and diagrams.

Exam Preparation : Highlights key points and concepts that are crucial for exams.

Boosts Confidence : Reinforces learning and helps students feel more confident in their knowledge.

Time-Saving : Saves time by providing concise, organized notes for quick revision.

Foundation for Further Studies : Builds a strong base for future geography topics.

CBSE Class 9 Geography Notes Chapter-wise List
Chapter 1: India – Size and Location
Chapter 2: Physical Features of India
Chapter 3: Drainage
Chapter 4: Climate
Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
Chapter 6: Population

CBSE Class 9 Geography Notes Chapter 4 FAQs

What is climate?

Climate refers to the long-term average of weather patterns in a particular region over a significant period, typically 30 years or more.

What are the factors that influence climate?

Factors influencing climate include latitude, altitude, proximity to water bodies, ocean currents, prevailing winds, topography, and human activities.

How is climate different from weather?

Weather refers to the short-term atmospheric conditions (temperature, humidity, precipitation, etc.) over a specific area at a particular time, whereas climate is the average of these conditions over a longer period.

What are the main components of climate?

The main components of climate include temperature, precipitation (rainfall and snowfall), humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind patterns, and seasonal variations.

What is monsoon?

Monsoon refers to seasonal winds that bring heavy rainfall to certain regions during specific times of the year. In India, the southwest monsoon occurs from June to September, bringing vital rainfall that is important for agriculture.
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