Disorders of the Circulatory System

To understand the disorders of the circulatory system , one must be aware of the role of this system in the human body. The Circulatory system not only transports oxygen to the body organs but also supplies immune cells to the infection site, nutrients, minerals and ions, and hormones to their target sites. The lymphatic system is also circulatory and helps to drain the body fluids between tissues and blood vessels.

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Vital Systems in Human Body

• Respiratory system- This system is concerned with the breathing and respiration processes to ensure oxygen is supplied to the cells and carbon dioxide is removed into the atmosphere. The Lungs are the key organ in this system which serves as the gas exchange center.
• Circulatory system- The Cardiovascular system ensures that the blood remains in circulation and reaches all the cells in the body to supply the necessary nutrients. Hormones, enzymes, and other ions also remain dissolved in the blood and are transported to their designated targets. The heart is the key organ of this system which continues to pump blood through the contraction of its walls.
• Digestive system- This system moves food particles through the alimentary canal into the stomach for digestion and breakdown and intestines for absorption and assimilation. The Stomach and intestines are the key organs that provide the enzymes and environment needed for digestion.
• Excretory system- This system is essential to remove wastes generated after food breakdown. The Kidneys play a key role in this system which have glomerular filters that separate nitrogenous waste from the blood and expel them out through the urethra.

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Circulatory System Structures and their functions

• The main component of this system is the heart which is made up of four chambers called the ventricles and auricles. These chambers are made up of cardiac muscles which can contract continuously without rest. This contraction generates the force needed to pump blood throughout the body.
• To prevent the backflow of blood, the walls have valves that open and close under controlled movement, preventing blood from moving in the backward direction.
• Other components of the heart called pacemakers accept electrical impulses from the brain and control the rhythmic beating of the muscles so that constant heart rate and blood pressure can be maintained. This includes the Sinoatrial nodes and Atrioventricular nodes.
• The Lungs also play a key role in circulation because it delivers oxygen to the left atrium, without which oxygen-laden blood will not circulate through the artery.
• The next major components are the blood vessels which form a network throughout the body to ensure that every region is connected and supplied with blood. The blood vessels include the arteries, which carry oxygen-rich blood under high pressure; the veins, which carry oxygen-deficient blood under normal pressure and the capillaries, which are intermediate in size and interlink the arteries and veins.
• This circulation is incomplete without blood which carries all the nutrients, hormones, and oxygen needed for the cells to survive. The blood is composed of Red blood cells containing hemoglobin which can bind with carbon dioxide and oxygen, White blood cells, which can fight infections; and platelets which prevent excessive bleeding by acting as coagulants.

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Causes for Circulatory System Disorders

• Environmental causes
• Genetic causes
• Lifestyle causes

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Environmental Causes

• If there is high pollution in the atmosphere, then the oxygen intake will be less. The heart will receive less oxygen from the lungs, which will be supplied to the brain.
• To maintain the oxygen demand, the brain will signal the heart to pump faster, which will put additional pressure on the heart muscles. This is a major cause of heart attack, cardiac muscle fatigue, and death.
• The presence of heavy metals in drinking water can also increase the risk of heart and kidney failure by altering blood pressure.
• Living in extreme temperatures or noisy environments can also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and cardiac arrest.

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Genetic Causes

• Mutation in the genes responsible for the development of the heart and other circulatory structures in the embryo stage will result in circulatory disorders since birth.
• Genetic disorders caused by chromosomal aberrations like Down syndrome can also increase the risk of heart attacks and blood-related disorders.
• Mutations that activate oncogenes can result in blood cancer, tumor in the blood vessels causing a blockage, and even tumors in the heart muscles. These mutations may be active since birth or activated later in life.

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Lifestyle Causes

• High sugar intake in food resulting in diabetes which changes the blood composition and makes it thicker and difficult to pump. The heart has to perform more activity to maintain the blood pressure, increasing the risk of heart failure.
• Excessive stress due to work pressure or any other activity signals the brain to release certain chemicals that make the heart beat faster and damage communication between the brain and the pacemakers.
• Eating food rich in cholesterol and other fats, drinking soft drinks and eating fast food are the major reasons for increased hearts tracks. The cholesterol gets deposited in arteries and other blood vessels and makes pumping blood harder. Complete blockage of any major artery can result in sudden cardiac arrest.

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Common Circulatory System Disorders and their Symptoms

Failure of the heart muscles

Heart Attack

Atherosclerosis

Diffusion Means Of Transport

Chronic chest pain

High triglycerides

Elevated blood pressure (hypertension)

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The aortic aneurysm

Thrombosis of the veins

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Cardiac ischemia

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