Discovery of Cells

Discovery of Cells : The cell is too tiny to be seen without a microscope. Despite their modest size, cells play a crucial role in maintaining life. Humans are living organisms comprised of cells, just like everything else. As we recognise it, life would not exist without cells since cells are the foundation of existence.

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Cell Theory

1. Early Cell Theory

• The unit of organisation, physiology, and structure of living things is the cell.
• The cell can exist independently as an individual entity or as a component of organisms.
• Similar to the formation of crystals, cells develop through free-cell formation (spontaneous generation).

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2. Modern Cell Theory

• Cells are the building blocks of all known living organisms.
• The structural and functional foundation of all living things is the cell.
• By dividing, all cells are created from pre-existing cells. (There is no spontaneous generation.)
• When cells divide, genetic information is transferred from one cell to the next.
• Chemically, all cells are essentially the same.
• Cells are where all life's energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs.

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Discovery of Cell

• To better understand the microscopic world, scientist Robert Hooke improved the design of the earlier compound microscope in 1665.
• His microscope used three lenses and a stage light to enlarge and illuminate the specimens.
• When Hooke examined a piece of cork under the microscope, he could see something astonishing because of these advancements.
• Hooke wrote about his findings of this tiny, previously undiscovered world in his book Micrographia.
• He thought the cork was made of tiny holes, which he called "cells" since they reminded him of monastery cells.
• Two German scientists, Theodore Schwann and Mattias Schleiden, studied the cells of plants and animals, respectively. These scientists concluded that the two types of cells were quite different and suggested that cells served as the fundamental units of both plants and animals.

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Characteristics of Cells

• Highly Complex and Organized.
• The Ability of Cells to Reproduce on their own.
• A Variety of Chemical Reactions Are Performed by Cells.
• Energy is acquired and used by cells, and each cell stores its genetic information.
• Cells can react to Stimuli and perform mechanical activities.
• Self-regulation is a function of cells, and cells may evolve.

• Nucleus: All eukaryotic cells have a double-membraned organelle called the nucleus. It is the biggest organelle, serves as a DNA repository and control center for cellular operations, and is covered by the Nuclear Membrane.
• Chromosomes: Chromosomes are tiny, thread-like organelles that store the gene, a vital biological component. In organisms, genes are regarded as a genetic unit that aids in transmitting features from one generation to the next. Thus, the nucleus can regulate the traits and functions of the cells in our body.
• Golgi Complex: Golgi complex is a membrane-bound organelle mostly made up of cisternae, a series of flattened and stacked pouches. This organelle is largely responsible for transporting, packaging and altering proteins and lipids for specific locations.
• Mitochondria: Mitochondria are the cell's powerhouse because they can create high energy molecules. It is a sausage-shaped, double membrane-bound organelle in practically all eukaryotic cells.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum: The Endoplasmic Reticulum is an organelle in cells comprising a network of fluid-filled membranous canals. They are the cells' internal transportation system that moves materials around the cell.
• Ribosomes: Non-membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles known as ribosomes are significant cytoplasmic organelles near the endoplasmic reticulum. Many different types of cells include microscopic particles called ribosomes that are mostly made of RNA and protein.
• Cell wall: This is a hard outer protective covering generally made of cellulose and is found in plant and bacterial cells but absent in most animal cells. Its main function is to protect the cell from the outside environment.
• Cell membrane: Found in all living cells, this layer inside the cell wall acts as a semi-permeable membrane, allowing the cell to uptake nutrients, minerals, and water as required.

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