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Scientific management is a theory developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor. It emphasizes improving economic efficiency and labor productivity through scientific analysis of work processes. The approach involves studying workflows, setting standard methods, and using data to enhance performance.
What are the main principles of Scientific Management?
The core principles of scientific management include: Scientific study of each task Scientific selection and training of workers Cooperation between workers and management Division of work and responsibility
How does Scientific Management differ from traditional management?
Traditional management relies on personal experience and rule-of-thumb methods. In contrast, scientific management uses observation, analysis, and experimentation to determine the best way to perform tasks. It replaces guesswork with systematic planning and execution.
Is Scientific Management still relevant today?
Yes, scientific management remains relevant, especially in industries requiring standardized tasks and mass production. While modern theories have evolved, many practices like time studies, work standardization, and performance monitoring still reflect the influence of Taylor's principles.
Principles of Management Class 12 BST
Muskan Verma16 Aug, 2025
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Principles of Management Class 12: Management is an important part of every organisation. Whether it is a business, school, hospital, or government office, proper management is necessary to run things smoothly. In the Principles of Management Class 12, students learn how managers use different principles to make decisions and lead teams in the right direction. These principles are not fixed rules but flexible guidelines that can be changed as per the situation.
Below, we’ve mentioned all topics related to the Principles of Management Class 12 from the Business Studies syllabus. We’ll also understand the difference between Henri Fayol Principles and Taylor’s scientific management, along with a short comparison of Fayol vs Taylor. These notes will help students prepare well for their exam.
What are the Principles of Management?
The Principles of Management Class 12 refers to the basic rules or truths that guide managers in handling different situations. These principles help in planning, organising, leading, and controlling activities in a business.
They are different from principles in science. Scientific principles are fixed and tested in labs. But management principles are flexible and based on human behaviour. Managers use these principles according to the needs of the moment.
Nature of Management Principles
Understanding the Principles of Management Class 12 helps students understand the core guidelines that influence business decisions and managerial practices. These principles serve as the foundation of effective and organised management across industries.
Universal Application: These principles can be used in all types of organisations, whether small or large.
General Guidelines: Management Principles provide broad suggestions and not just fixed solutions.
Developed through Experience: These principles are based on the experiences of many managers.
Flexible: They can be changed or adjusted as per the situation.
Based on Human Behaviour: These principles help in managing people at work.
Cause and Effect Relationship: They show the likely results of using a particular method.
Depends on Situation: Managers must apply these principles depending on the situation.
Importance of Principles of Management Class 12
These principles provide a structured approach to decision-making, guiding managers in planning, organising, and leading effectively. They form the backbone of business operations and help maintain consistency in managerial actions.
Gives Useful Knowledge: These principles help managers in understanding the real situations.
Helps in Using Resources Properly: They support the efficient use of money, material, and manpower.
Supports Adapting to Change: Managers can handle changes in business using these principles.
Helps in Making Better Decisions: As they are based on logic and experience, they lead to better choices.
Supports Social Responsibility: They guide managers in doing business with care for society.
Base for Management Learning: These principles are important for anyone who wants to study management.
F.W. Taylor’s Scientific Management
Frederick Winslow Taylor, also known as F.W. Taylor, introduced the idea of scientific management. His aim was to improve the efficiency of workers. He focused on work at the factory level.
Principles by Taylor:
F.W. Taylor gave four key principles that form the base of scientific management. These principles are part of the Principles of Management Class 12 syllabus and should be studied with simple examples.
Science, Not Rule of Thumb: Earlier, managers used to solve problems based on their personal judgment. This method was called the rule of thumb. But Taylor said every task should be done using scientific methods, not guesswork.
Harmony, Not Discord: There should be peace between managers and workers. Both must work together with mutual respect. Many times, workers feel they are underpaid, while managers think workers are not serious. Taylor suggested that both should understand each other and build a harmonious relationship.
Cooperation, Not Individualism: This principle focuses on teamwork. Taylor said both workers and managers must work together instead of doing things individually. Managers should take suggestions from workers, and workers should support the company’s goals.
Development of Workers: Every worker should be trained and supported to become more skilled. Taylor said the company should focus on both the growth of the organisation and the development of employees.
Techniques by Taylor:
In the Principles of Management Class 12 notes, Taylor suggested several practical techniques that can be used to apply scientific management in factories or workplaces. These techniques help to save time, increase output, and reduce costs.
Functional Foremanship: In this system, Taylor divided the factory into two departments:
Planning Department: Handles how the work should be done
Production Department: Handles the actual doing of the work
Each department had 4 experts. That means 8 specialists in total who guide and supervise workers. This avoids confusion and makes sure that workers are supported by skilled supervisors.
Standardisation & Simplification: Standardisation means fixing specific methods, tools, and working conditions to bring uniformity in work. Simplification means removing unnecessary types or sizes of products. Together, these help in reducing waste, improving product quality, and saving time and money.
Method Study: This study is done to find out the best way to do a job. Taylor believed that every task has one best method, and this should be found and taught to all workers. For example, a delivery boy can be trained on the fastest route to reduce delivery time.
Motion Study: This study focuses on the movements of workers during work. It identifies useful, useless, and unnecessary movements. By removing unwanted movements, workers can save time and energy.
Time Study: Time study means deciding the standard time needed to complete a task. This helps in planning the number of workers needed and in deciding wages. For example, if packaging a product takes 2 minutes, a manager can plan how many workers are needed to complete 100 packages in an hour.
Fatigue Study: The Fatigue study identifies how much rest a worker needs to avoid getting tired. It checks the number, timing, and length of rest breaks. Proper rest improves productivity and health.
Differential Piece Wage System: In this system, workers are paid according to their performance:
Efficient workers who meet or exceed targets get a higher wage rate.
Inefficient workers get a lower wage rate.
This encourages workers to perform better and rewards productivity.
Example:
Target = 15 units/day
Standard rate = ₹100 per unit
Efficient worker makes 17 units = ₹1700 (17×100)
Inefficient worker makes 12 units = ₹960 (12×80)
Henri Fayol Principles
Henri Fayol was a French management thinker who focused on top-level management. He gave 14 principles.
14 Principles of Henri Fayol
Principle
Description
Division of Work
Assigning specific tasks to individuals based on their expertise increases efficiency.
Authority and Responsibility
Authority gives managers the right to give orders, while responsibility ensures accountability.
Discipline
Employees must follow rules and agreements to ensure the smooth functioning of the organization.
Unity of Command
An employee should receive orders from only one superior to avoid confusion.
Unity of Direction
All activities should be aligned toward the same objectives to maintain focus and coordination.
Subordination of Individual Interest
Organizational interest should prevail over personal interests.
Remuneration
Fair compensation should be given to employees to ensure satisfaction and motivation.
Centralisation and Decentralisation
Balancing decision-making between the central authority and lower levels of the organization.
Scalar Chain
A clear chain of command should exist from top to bottom for effective communication.
Order
There should be a place for everything and everyone in the organization for efficient operations.
Equity
Managers should treat employees fairly and with kindness to maintain loyalty and devotion.
Stability of Personnel
High employee turnover should be avoided to ensure stability and efficiency.
Initiative
Employees should be encouraged to take initiative to foster creativity and ownership.
Esprit de Corps
Promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organization.
Difference Between Fayol vs Taylor
Below, we’ve mentioned the key difference between Fayol vs Taylor:
Difference Between Fayol vs Taylor
Basis
Henri Fayol Principles
Scientific Management (Taylor)
Level
Focus on top-level management
Focus on factory-level management
Area
Overall management
Increasing worker productivity
Method
Administrative approach
Scientific approach
Personality
Fayol was an engineer
Taylor was a scientist
The Principles of Management Class 12 topic clearly explains how managers can handle responsibilities by using both Henri Fayol principles and scientific management by Taylor. While Fayol focused on managing the whole organisation, Taylor focused on improving work at the factory level.
Students can refer to this as part of their BST Class 12 notes. These principles are easy to understand and apply in real life. Learning about the Principles of Management Class 12 helps build a base for future studies and careers in business and management.
To revise this chapter better, students should go through their BST Class 12 notes and make short points for each principle. Understanding the Fayol vs Taylor comparison also helps in scoring well in exams.
The Principles of Management Class 12 chapter is not only about definitions. It teaches the ways of working in teams, planning better, and solving problems in a smart way. With regular revision and practice, students can do well in this part of the syllabus.
