CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 7: Control and coordination are essential functions of the nervous system. The human body is quite intricate, especially when it comes to the nervous system, which adds a new layer of complexity.

CBSE Class 10 Notes

CBSE Class 10 Science Notes

CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

CBSE Class 10 Sample Paper

Animals- Nervous System:

• The nervous system is a system of organs that manages and organises actions in animals. It consists of the brain, spinal cord, and a network of nerves throughout the body. The nervous system handles sending, receiving, and processing messages in the form of chemical signals called impulses.
• Nervous tissue is a well-organised network of nerve cells or neurons designed to transmit information through electrical impulses. The basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron, which has three parts: the cell body (cyton), branched projections (dendrites), and a long process leading from the cell body (axon).

• A synapse is a link between two neurons. Nerves, which are strands of tissue extending from the brain and spinal cord, play a crucial role in conveying messages throughout the body and branching out to all regions.
• Neurons come in various shapes and sizes. The brain or spinal cord receives messages from sense organs through sensory nerves. Motor neurons relay messages from the brain or spinal cord to all the body's muscles and glands.
• An interneuron or relay neuron is a specific type of neuron connecting neurons in different parts of the central nervous system.

CBSE Important Questions for Class 10 Science

What Happens in Reflex Actions?

• A reflex action, commonly known as a reflex, is an automatic and almost immediate movement that happens in response to stimuli. The body produces a reflex activity in reaction to the surroundings.
• The process of sensing a signal or input and quickly responding with an output action is possible. This connection is termed a reflex arc. Despite the input information reaching the brain, reflex arcs are formed in the spinal cord. In higher animals, most sensory neurons don't go straight to the brain; instead, they connect in the spinal cord. For a speedy response, a reflex arc remains more effective.

Human Brain

Types of the Nervous System

Central Nervous System:

• The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. It gets information from the body and sends instructions to certain organs. The brain has three main parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
• The thinking part of the brain is the forebrain, which consists of the cerebrum and diencephalon. The cerebrum holds memory, intelligence, and senses like hearing, smell, and sight. The diencephalon deals with pressure and discomfort.
• The midbrain links the forebrain to the hindbrain and manages vision and hearing reflexes. The hindbrain is made up of the cerebellum, pons, and medulla. The cerebellum coordinates muscle actions and keeps balance and posture.
• The medulla oversees involuntary functions like blood pressure, salivation, vomiting, and heart rate. The spinal cord is shielded by the vertebral column and runs from the brain's medulla through the backbone.

Peripheral Nervous System:

• Plant Response: Every living thing reacts to its environment. Chemicals released by cells aid plants in responding to stimuli. Plants, just like all living creatures, show movement. There are two types of plant movement: one linked to growth and another unrelated to it.
• Plants utilise electrical and chemical methods to share information between cells. However, plants lack specific tissue solely for information transmission. The response to stimuli in plants is gradual, occurring through directed growth. This directional growth creates the illusion that the plant is in motion.

• Directional Movements: Tropic movements are also called directional movements. These movements can go toward or away from the stimuli.
• Shoots responding to light by bending toward it have positive phototropism. Shoots growing away from the earth exhibit negative geotropism.
• Negative phototropism happens when roots bend away from light. They show positive geotropism as they grow toward the ground.
• Hydrotropism is a growth response where water stimuli determine the growth direction.
• Chemotropism is the growing movement of a plant part in response to a chemical input.
• Thigmotropism refers to plant parts moving in response to touch. They have positive thigmotropism when moving toward touch and negative thigmotropism when moving away from touch.
• Pollen tubes grow toward the ovules.
• Hormones are chemical molecules released by activated cells. They circulate throughout the cell. They are made far from the point of action and then spread to the point of action. Different plant hormones help coordinate growth, development, and environmental reactions. Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid are some hormones released by plants.
• Auxins are hormones produced at the tip of the stem. They help the plant grow by elongating the cells and promoting shoot apical dominance. Gibberellins are hormones that boost stem growth, seed germination, bolting, and blooming.
• Cytokinins are hormones found in regions where cells divide quickly, like fruits and seeds. They also encourage stomata to open.
• Abscisic acid is a hormone that slows growth in many body regions. It also closes stomata, and its side effects include leaf withering.
• Animal Hormones: The endocrine system consists of glands without tubes, and these glands release chemical substances called hormones. These hormones go straight into the blood from the endocrine glands. Hormones are like messengers in the blood, affecting certain organs.

Adrenal Glands:

• The adrenal cortex releases cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens. Meanwhile, the adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline. Adrenaline is also called the "fight or flight" hormone or the "emergency hormone." It readies the body for handling physical stress during urgent moments, like danger, anger, or excitement.

Thyroid Gland:

• The thyroid gland is a big hormone-producing gland in the body, located in the neck, below the voice box. It makes two important hormones: triiodothyronine and thyroxine. Thyroxine manages how the body uses glucose, protein, and fat.
• Iodine is needed to create thyroxine. If there's not enough iodine in the diet, it can lead to a condition called goitre, which shows up as a swollen neck.

Pituitary Gland:

• The pituitary gland is like the boss gland that produces different hormones to control organs and other glands. It sits near the bottom of the brain. This gland releases hormones such as growth hormone, TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, MSH, Vasopressin, and Oxytocin.
• The growth hormone manages the body's growth and development. If there's not enough of it during childhood, it can lead to dwarfism. On the other hand, too much of this hormone can cause gigantism.

Gonads:

Female Gonads:

• Oestrogen and progesterone are hormones made by the ovaries. Oestrogen controls changes linked to puberty, like a woman's voice, smooth skin, and the growth of mammary glands.
• Progesterone manages changes in the uterus during the menstrual cycle and helps sustain pregnancy.

Male Gonads:

• In males, a pair of testes constitutes the gonads.
• These testes are the male sex organs located outside the belly in the scrotum.
• The hormone testosterone is made by the testes.
• Testosterone controls the changes that happen during puberty, like a deeper voice, the growth of the penis, and the increase of facial and body hair.

The Pancreas:

• The pancreas is located below the stomach, in the curve of the duodenum. It has two jobs: one is to release substances outside the body (exocrine), and the other is to release substances inside the body (endocrine). The pancreas makes hormones like insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide.
• Insulin is important because it manages the sugar levels in our blood. If there's not enough insulin, it can lead to high blood sugar and cause diabetes mell

The Pineal Gland:

• The pineal gland produces melatonin, a hormone found near the middle of the brain, above the diencephalon.
• Melatonin affects things like reproductive growth, sleep-wake cycles, and seasonal activities.

The Hypothalamus:

• The hypothalamus is a part of the brain that links the nervous and hormonal systems through the pituitary gland. This gland releases hormones such as Somatostatin and Dopamine.

Parathyroid Glands:

• There are two sets of tiny oval-shaped glands found on the back of the thyroid gland in the neck, and they are called parathyroid glands.
• These glands produce a hormone known as parathormone, which helps manage calcium and phosphate ions in both the bones and blood.
• When there is too little secretion, it can lead to tetany, and when there is too much secretion, it can result in osteoporosis.

The Thymus Gland:

• The thymus gland can be found in the upper part of the breastbone, in front of the heart. It makes a hormone called thymosin and helps T-lymphocytes grow up.
• The testes make the hormone testosterone.
• Systems for feedback manage how many hormones are released and when. For instance, if blood sugar levels go up, cells in the pancreas notice and make more insulin. When blood sugar levels drop, insulin release goes down.

The Nervous System

Neuron

Different Parts of the Brain and their Importance

• Cerebrum: This part manages thinking, feelings, talking, reasoning, memory, and how we sense sounds and tastes. If it doesn't work right, a person might have trouble hearing or speaking.
• Cerebellum: Even though the names might seem alike, they're different brain parts. The cerebellum is in charge of how we move - walking, running, sitting, keeping our balance, and our posture.
• Pons: Think of the pons as the brain's messenger. It helps signals move from the back of the brain to the front part.
• Medulla Oblongata: This part controls things our body does automatically, like vomiting, sneezing, and yawning. It's also linked to the spinal cord, which runs down the back and oversees reflex actions.

Different Types of Nervous System

Central Nervous Systems (CNS)

• The bony skull (cranium)
• The cerebrospinal fluid
• The meninges (Dura mater, Arachnoid and Pia mater)

Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

Synapse

Reflex Action

CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 7 Important Topics

1. What Happens in Reflex Actions?
2. Human Brain
3. How are these Tissues Protected?
4. How Does the Nervous Tissue Cause Action?

1. Immediate Response to Stimulus
2. Movement Due to Growth

Benefits of CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 7

• From the Science Chapter 7 Notes for Class 10, students explore how our body functions and how it works together with the brain, receiving signals from it.
• By grasping the body's control and coordination, they can efficiently answer questions that may arise in the board exam related to this chapter.
• The human body is an intricate form of life. Understanding its operations in depth through these review notes makes learning about other life forms much simpler.

Key Features of Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes

• These notes assist students in understanding and reviewing all the subjects discussed in the chapter Control and Coordination.
• You can access these control and coordination class 10 notes free in PDF format, making it easy and convenient for students to study on any device they have. The Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Revision Notes include proper diagrams, examples, and definitions for all the important topics, serving as a comprehensive study resource for students.
• These notes are particularly useful for exam preparation, offering a quick review of important concepts. They are aligned with the most recent CBSE syllabus and exam format.