CBSE Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes​ Download PDF

Control and coordination class 10 notes chapter 6 : Control and coordination is an important chapter from Class 10 Science Syllabus that explains how living organisms manage and regulate their body activities and respond to changes in their surroundings.

These mechanisms help organisms maintain balance, perform daily functions, and survive in a changing environment.

In the control and coordination class 10 notes, students learn that organisms respond to environmental changes, called stimuli, through suitable responses.

This coordination is achieved by different systems working together.

• In animals, coordination occurs through the nervous system (fast responses) and the endocrine system (slow but long-lasting responses).

• In plants, coordination is carried out by plant hormones and growth-based movements. Check complete notes for control and coordination

What is Control and Coordination?

Control and coordination class 10 refers to how living organisms regulate their activities and respond to changes.

This CBSE Class 10 science chapter 6 notes explores how animals, through nervous and endocrine systems, and plants, through chemical signals, achieve this.

These notes for control and coordination simplify complex biological processes for easy understanding. Mastering these concepts is vital for a strong biology foundation.

Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes

Living organisms maintain their life processes by controlling internal functions and coordinating responses to the environment.

Stimuli and Responses

• A stimulus is any change in the internal or external environment of an organism that can be detected. These changes may include light, heat, sound, pressure, chemicals, or changes inside the body, such as hunger or hormone levels.

• A response is the action or reaction shown by an organism after detecting a stimulus. Responses help organisms adjust to their surroundings, protect themselves from danger, and maintain normal body functions. For example, sweating in hot weather or pulling the hand away from a hot object.

• Coordination is the process by which different organs and body systems work together in a controlled and organized manner to produce an effective response to a stimulus. It ensures that the response is timely, accurate, and beneficial for the organism’s survival.

Receptors and Effectors

• Receptors: Receptors are specialized cells or sensory organs that detect specific stimuli, such as light, heat, pain, or sound. Effectors are muscles or glands that carry out the response by producing movement or secretions.

• Effectors: Muscles or glands that act in response to a stimulus received from the nervous system.

Nerve Cells or Neurons

A neuron is the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system. It is the longest cell in the body. Neurons carry messages as electrical impulses.

• Nerve: A bundle of nerve fibers transmitting signals between the brain and other body parts.

• Neuron Parts:

• Dendrite: Receives information.

• Cell Body (Cyton): Processes the received impulse.

• Axon: Transmits the impulse away from the cell body.

• Nerve Endings: Release neurotransmitters.

Synapse

A synapse is the microscopic gap between two neurons. It transmits electrical impulses from one neuron to another. Chemicals called neurotransmitters cross this gap. They generate a new electrical impulse in the next neuron's dendrite.

Types of Neurons

• Sensory Neurons: Carry impulses from receptors to the Central Nervous System (CNS).

• Motor Neurons: Carry impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands).

• Relay Neurons (Interneurons): Connect sensory and motor neurons.

Coordination in Animals

Animals achieve coordination through two interconnected systems: the Nervous System, which provides rapid responses, and the Endocrine System, which regulates slower but long-lasting activities.

Human Nervous System

The human nervous system coordinates various body functions. It consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

• Central Nervous System (CNS): Includes the brain and spinal cord. It processes information and sends commands.

• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Includes all nerves outside the CNS. It connects the CNS to receptors and effectors.

• Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary actions.

• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Controls involuntary actions. It has two parts:

• Sympathetic System: Prepares the body for stress (fight or flight).

• Parasympathetic System: Calms the body, conserving energy.

Brain Regions

The brain has three main parts:

• Forebrain: The thinking part. Includes the Cerebrum (for memory, intelligence, senses) and Diencephalon (for pressure and discomfort).

• Midbrain: Connects the forebrain and hindbrain. Controls vision and hearing reflexes.

• Hindbrain: Includes Cerebellum, Pons, and Medulla.

• Cerebellum: Coordinates muscle actions and maintains body balance and posture. This is the part of the brain that controls balance and coordination.

• Pons: Relays signals between the forebrain and cerebellum.

• Medulla Oblongata: Controls involuntary actions like heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, salivation, and vomiting.

Which Part of the Brain Controls Balance and Coordination

The cerebellum, a part of the hind-brain, controls balance, posture, and coordination of voluntary movements. It ensures:

• Smooth and precise muscular activity

• Maintenance of body balance

• Proper posture while standing, walking, or running

Damage to the cerebellum can result in loss of balance and uncoordinated movements.

Protection of Brain and Spinal Cord

• Brain: The brain is protected by the hard cranium (skull), which provides mechanical support. It is further covered by three protective membranes called meninges and surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The CSF acts as a shock absorber, preventing damage due to sudden movements or injuries.

• Spinal Cord: The spinal cord is enclosed within the vertebral column (backbone), which protects it from physical injury. Like the brain, it is covered by meninges and surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), ensuring safe transmission of nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body.

Reflex Actions

A reflex action is a sudden, quick, involuntary movement not involving conscious thought. It protects the body by providing a rapid reaction.

• Reflex Arc: The pathway nerve impulses follow during a reflex action. It involves a receptor, sensory neuron, spinal cord (interneuron), motor neuron, and effector. Reflex arcs are efficient because they bypass complex brain processing, allowing instant reactions.

Endocrine System and Hormones

The endocrine system is a network of ductless glands. These glands produce and release hormones directly into the bloodstream. Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various body functions.

• Feedback Mechanism: Regulates the timing and amount of hormone release. For example, high blood sugar causes the pancreas to release more insulin.

Coordination in Plants

Plants coordinate responses to stimuli using electrical and chemical signals. They lack a nervous system.

• Movement in Plants:

• Tropic Movement (Growth-Dependent): Directional growth response to a stimulus.

• Phototropism: Response to light (e.g., shoot grows towards light).

• Geotropism: Response to gravity (e.g., roots grow downwards).

• Hydrotropism: Response to water (e.g., roots grow towards water).

• Chemotropism: Response to chemicals (e.g., pollen tube growth towards the ovule).

• Thigmotropism: Response to touch (e.g., tendrils coiling around support).

• Nastic Movement (Growth-Independent): Non-directional response to a stimulus. E.g., folding of Mimosa pudica (touch-me-not plant) leaves.

Plant Hormones

Key Mechanisms of Control and Coordination

Reflex Action Pathway

The reflex action involves a rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus.

1. Stimulus: Detected by a receptor organ.

2. Receptor: Sensory neurons are activated.

3. Sensory Neuron: Transmits nerve impulse to the spinal cord.

4. Spinal Cord: Interneuron processes the signal.

5. Motor Neuron: Carries impulse from spinal cord to effector.

6. Effector (Muscle/Gland): Performs the response.
   This quick action bypasses the brain, ensuring faster protection.

Hormone Feedback Loop

Hormone secretion is controlled by feedback loops.

1. Stimulus: Change in body condition (e.g., increased blood sugar).

2. Endocrine Gland: Releases hormones in response (e.g., pancreas releases insulin).

3. Target Cells: Respond to the hormone, causing a change (e.g., cells take up glucose).

4. Feedback: The change reduces the initial stimulus, signaling the gland to decrease hormone release. This maintains body balance.

Control and coordination class 10 notes PDF

Control and coordination class 10 notes PDF are a helpful study resource for students preparing for exams, as they present the chapter concepts in a clear and well-organized format.

These notes cover all important topics such as stimuli and responses, nervous and endocrine systems in animals, plant hormones, and different types of movements in plants.

A properly designed control and coordination class 10 notes pdf includes definitions, diagrams, tables, and key points that make revision easier and faster.'

Control and coordination class 10 notes PDF

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