Manufacturing industries form the link between natural resources and finished products used in daily life. Manufacturing Industries Class 10 Notes focus on how industries add value to raw materials, support economic growth, and influence regional development in India.
Chapter 6 of Geography helps students understand industrial location, types of industries, and the environmental challenges created by industrialisation.
As the CBSE Class 10 board exams approach, many students struggle to revise Manufacturing Industries in a structured and exam-oriented manner. These Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Notes are created to help students clearly structure answers and score well in the upcoming geography exam scheduled to be held on March 7, 2026. Along with the notes, students should also refer to the CBSE Class 10th exam pattern to understand the types of questions they need to answer.
What is Manufacturing Industries?
Manufacturing involves producing goods in large quantities. This transforms raw materials into valuable finished products. Examples include making steel, cars, or textiles.
These activities belong to the secondary economic sector. Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 notes help in better understanding of the CBSE Class 10th syllabus.
Manufacturing Industries Class 10 Notes
Importance of Manufacturing
The manufacturing sector is vital for national development. It contributes in key areas.
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Modernizes Agriculture: Provides jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
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Reduces Unemployment: Creates diverse employment opportunities.
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Boosts Trade: Exports earn essential foreign exchange.
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Economic Prosperity: Drives overall national economic growth.
Industrial Location Factors
Industries choose locations based on several elements to minimize costs.
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Raw Material
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Labour
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Capital
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Power
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Market
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Government Policies
Industries settle where these factors are most favorable.
Agro-Based Industries
These industries use agricultural produce as their primary raw materials.
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Textile Industry: India's only self-reliant industry, covering the full value chain. It boosts production, employment, and foreign exchange.
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Cotton Textiles: Closely links with agriculture. Supports farmers and various workers.
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Jute Textiles: India leads in raw jute and jute goods. Most mills are near West Bengal's Hugli River.
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Sugar Industry: India ranks second globally in sugar output. It leads in Gur and Khandsari production. This industry is seasonal.
Mineral-Based Industries
These industries rely on minerals and metals as raw materials.
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Iron and Steel Industry: A basic industry, crucial for other sectors. It is "heavy" due to bulky materials.
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Aluminium Smelting: India's second largest metallurgical industry. Uses bauxite. Aluminium is light and corrosion-resistant, used in aircraft.
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Chemical Industries: Includes inorganic (e.g., sulphuric acid) and organic (e.g., petrochemicals for plastics) chemicals.
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Fertilizer Industry: Produces nitrogenous, phosphatic, and complex fertilizers.
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Cement Industry: Essential for construction. Requires bulky raw materials like limestone and silica.
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Automobile Industry: Manufactures diverse vehicles like cars and buses.
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Information Technology and Electronics Industry: Covers products from transistors to computers. Bengaluru is India's "electronic capital." These class 10 manufacturing industries notes pdf are useful for quick study.
Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
Industries contribute to four main types of pollution.
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Air Pollution: Caused by gases like sulfur dioxide from factories. Harms health and environment.
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Water Pollution: Industrial wastes contaminate rivers. Paper and chemical industries are key polluters.
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Thermal Pollution: Hot factory water discharged into rivers before cooling. This impacts aquatic life.
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Noise Pollution: Excessive industrial sound leads to irritation and health issues.
Control of Environmental Degradation
Managing industrial pollution is vital for ecological balance.
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Minimize water use, promoting recycling.
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Treat hot water and effluents before release.
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Use filters on smokestacks to reduce air particulates.
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Opt for cleaner fuels like oil or gas.
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Redesign machinery for quieter operation.
Effective rules are essential to manage industrial environmental impact. These guidelines ensure responsible operations and sustainable growth.
Pollution Control Measures
These measures outline the mandatory practices for industries to reduce their environmental footprint.
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Water Conservation: Industries must minimize freshwater use. Recycling and reusing water within facilities are required.
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Effluent Treatment: All hot water and liquid wastes from factories need treatment. They must meet strict quality standards before discharge into any water body.
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Air Emission Standards: Factories must install and maintain advanced equipment. Electrostatic precipitators and scrubbers reduce airborne pollutants. Using cleaner fuels like natural gas also lowers emissions.
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Noise Abatement: Engineering controls are necessary to quiet machinery. Industries should use sound barriers or vibration dampeners to reduce noise levels.
Repeated & Expected Questions from CBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 for 2026 Board Exams
With the CBSE Class 10 board exams 2026 scheduled for March 7, 2026, revising frequently asked and expected questions from Manufacturing Industries becomes crucial for effective last-minute preparation. Questions from this chapter are regularly asked in 2-mark, 3-mark, and 5-mark formats, including competency-based and case-study questions.
Frequently Repeated Question Areas:
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Explain the importance of manufacturing industries in the Indian economy.
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Classify industries based on raw materials, ownership, and scale of operation.
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Describe the major factors affecting the location of industries in India.
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Explain how industrialization contributes to environmental pollution and suggest control measures.
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Differentiate between agro-based and mineral-based industries with suitable examples.
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Case-based questions related to industrial pollution, industrial regions, and sustainability.
Focusing on these expected questions in the final weeks before the exam helps students frame structured answers and score well in the CBSE Class 10 Geography board exam 2026.