CBSE Class 10 Social Science Geography Notes Chapter 1 Resource and Development

CBSE Class 10 Social Science Geography Notes Chapter 1

CBSE Class 10 Social Science Geography Notes Chapter 1: You are introduced to resources and their classification in CBSE Class 10 Social Science Geography Notes Chapter. In this chapter you will also discover more about resource planning and development in India as you go deeper into the chapter. You will gain knowledge about land resources and the classification of India's various soil types.

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CBSE Class 10 Social Science Geography Notes Chapter 1 PDF

CBSE Class 10 Social Science Geography Notes Chapter 1 PDF

CBSE Class 10 Social Science Geography Notes Chapter 1 Resource and Development

Resources

Classification of Resources

(a) On the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic

(b) On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable

(c) On the basis of ownership – individual, community, national and international

(d) On the basis of the status of development – potential, developed stock and reserves

(a) On the Basis of Origin – Biotic and Abiotic

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(b) On the Basis of Exhaustibility – Renewable and Non-Renewable

Renewable or replenishable resources are those that can be replenished through chemical, mechanical, or physical processes. One can further categorise renewable resources as either continuous or flowing.

(c) On the Basis of Ownership – Individual, Community, National and International

Individuals own individual resources in their exclusive possession. People own lands in villages, houses, plots, and other properties in urban areas.

(d) On the Basis of the Status of Development – Potential, Developed Stock and Reserves

Developed Resources: Resources that have been analysed and their amount and quality assessed for use. Resources are developed based on technology and how feasible they are.

Development of Resources

• Depletion of resources to satisfy the greed of a few individuals.
• Accumulation of resources in a few hands, which, in turn, divided the society into two segments i.e., rich and poor.
• It has led to global ecological crises such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.

Resource Planning

Resource Planning in India

(i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.

(ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set-up for implementing resource development plans.

(iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

Land Resources

Land Utilisation

• Forests
• Land not available for cultivation.
• a) Barren and wastelandb) Land put to non-agricultural uses
• Fallow lands
• Other uncultivated lands (excluding fallow land)
• Net sown area

Land Use Pattern in India

• Physical factors: such as topography, climate, soil types
• Human factors: such as population density, technological capability and culture and traditions etc.

Waste land is the land put to other non-agricultural uses which include rocky, arid and desert areas, roads, railways, industry etc. Continuous use of land over a long period of time without taking appropriate measures to conserve and manage it, has resulted in land degradation.

Land Degradation and Conservation Measures

• Afforestation and proper management of grazing.
• Planting of shelter belts of plants.
• Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
• Proper management of wastelands.
• Control of mining activities.
• Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment.

Soil as a Resource

• It takes millions of years to form soil up to a few cms in depth. Various forces of nature, such as changes in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers, etc., contribute to the formation of soil.
• Parent rock or bedrock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time are important factors in the formation of soil.
• Chemical and organic changes which take place in the soil play an important role.
• Soil also consists of organic (humus) and inorganic materials.

Classification of Soils

Alluvial Soils

• The entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil.
• The Alluvial Soil is deposited by 3 important Himalayan river systems – the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
• It is also found in Rajasthan, Gujarat and eastern coastal plains, particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers.
• The alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. As we move inland towards the river valleys, soil particles appear to be bigger in size whereas in the upper side of the river valley, the soils are coarse.
• Based on age, Alluvial soils can be classified as:
• Old Alluvial (Bangar): The Bangar soil has a higher concentration of kanker nodules than the Khadar.
• New Alluvial (Khadar): It has more fine particles and is more fertile than the Bangar.
• Alluvial soils are very fertile. These soils contain an adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime, which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.

Black Soil

• This soil is black in colour and is also known as regur soil . Climatic conditions, along with the parent rock material are the important factors for the formation of black soil.
• The soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil.
• This type of soil is typical of the Deccan trap (Basalt) region spread over the northwest Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows.
• The soil covers the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and extends in the southeast direction along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys.
• The black soils are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material and are well-known for their capacity to hold moisture.
• Black soil is nutrients rich and contains calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime.
• The soil is sticky when wet and difficult to work on unless tilled immediately after the first shower or during the pre-monsoon period.

Red and Yellow Soils

• This type of soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau.
• These soils develop a reddish colour due to the diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form.
• Found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the Piedmont zone of the Western Ghats.

Laterite Soil

• The laterite soil develops under tropical and subtropical climates with the alternate wet and dry season.
• This soil is the result of intense leaching due to heavy rain.
• Lateritic soils are acidic (pH<6.0) in nature and generally deficient in plant nutrients. This type of soil is found mostly in Southern states, Western Ghats region of Maharashtra, Odisha, some parts of West Bengal and the northeast regions.
• The soil supports deciduous and evergreen forests but humus poor.
• This soil is very useful for growing tea and coffee.

Arid Soils

• Arid soils range from red to brown in colour.
• This soil is generally sandy in texture and saline in nature. In some areas, the salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.
• Arid soil lacks humus and moisture.
• The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar because of the increasing calcium content downwards. The Kankar layer formations in the bottom horizons restrict the infiltration of water.

Forest Soils

• These soils are found in the hilly and mountainous areas.
• The soil texture is loamy and silty on the valley sides and coarse-grained on the upper slopes.
• In the snow-covered areas of the Himalayas, these soils experience denudation and are acidic with low humus content. The soil is fertile on the river terraces and alluvial fans.

Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation

Different Ways for Soil Conservation

• Water flow down slopes is slowed by ploughing along contour lines. We refer to this as contour ploughing.
• Erosion is limited through terrace cultivation. The Western and Central Himalayas are home to this kind of agriculture.
• when a sizable field is split into strips and grass is allowed to grow in between the rows of crops. The wind's force is then reduced as a result. We call this technique "Strip Cropping."
• Stabilising the desert in western India and stabilising sand dunes are achieved through the planting of rows of trees to provide shade. These tree rows are referred to as "Shelter Belts."