CBSE Class 9 Political Science Notes Chapter 4 Working of Institutions

CBSE Class 9 Political Science Notes Chapter 4: Chapter 4 of CBSE Class 9 Political Science, "Working of Institutions," explores how important parts of government in India function.

CBSE Class 9 Political Science Notes Chapter 4 Overview

CBSE Class 9 Political Science Notes

CBSE Class 9 Political Science Notes Chapter 4 PDF

CBSE Class 9 Political Science Notes Chapter 4 PDF

CBSE Notes Class 9 Political Science Chapter 4 – Working of Institutions

How Is a Major Policy Decision Taken?

A Government Order

The Decision Makers

Need for Political Institutions

Parliament

Why Do We Need the Parliament?

Two Houses of Parliament

1. The Council of States (Rajya Sabha): This house is not directly elected by the people but rather by members of state legislatures and appointed by the President. Its primary role is to represent the interests of states and federal units. The Rajya Sabha also has special powers over states as outlined in the Indian Constitution.
2. The House of the People (Lok Sabha): This house is directly elected by the people of India and exercises significant power on behalf of the people. It plays a crucial role in making laws, especially in matters concerning ordinary legislation and money bills. The Lok Sabha also controls the Council of Ministers, holding them accountable for their actions.

Political Executive

1. Political Executive: This includes leaders elected by the people for a specific term. Ministers, who are part of the political executive, hold the authority to make significant decisions on behalf of the people. They are directly accountable to the public for the outcomes of their decisions. While ministers may not always be experts in every aspect of their ministries, they rely on expert advice to make informed decisions.
2. Permanent Executive (Civil Services): These are individuals appointed on a long-term basis to carry out day-to-day administrative tasks. Civil servants, or bureaucrats, work under the political executive's direction to implement policies and manage governmental operations. They provide expertise and continuity in governance, regardless of changes in the ruling party.

Prime Minister and Council of Ministers

• Cabinet Ministers: These are senior leaders responsible for major ministries and form the inner circle of the Council, with around 25 members.
• Ministers of State with independent charge: They oversee smaller ministries and participate in Cabinet meetings when invited.
• Ministers of State: Junior ministers who assist Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State with independent charge.

Powers of the Prime Minister

1. Chairing Cabinet Meetings: The Prime Minister presides over Cabinet meetings where major policy decisions are discussed and finalized.
2. Coordination of Government Departments: He oversees and coordinates the activities of various government departments to ensure cohesive governance.
3. Final Decision in Disputes: In case of disagreements between departments, the Prime Minister's decisions are decisive and binding.
4. Supervision of Ministries: He exercises general supervision over different ministries to ensure they function effectively and in line with government policies.
5. Appointment and Dismissal of Ministers: The Prime Minister has the authority to appoint ministers to their posts and can dismiss them if necessary.
6. Collective Resignation: If the Prime Minister resigns from office, the entire ministry also resigns, leading to a change in government leadership.

The President

Election of President

Powers of President

1. Symbolic Role: All governmental activities are conducted in the name of the President, symbolizing the authority of the state.
2. Legislative Powers: All laws and major policy decisions of the government are issued in the name of the President.
3. Appointments: The President appoints key officials such as the Chief Justice of India, Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, Governors of states, Election Commissioners, and Ambassadors to other countries.
4. International Relations: The President represents India in international affairs and oversees the signing of treaties and agreements with other nations.
5. Commander-in-Chief: The President serves as the supreme commander of India's defence forces.

The Judiciary

• Supreme Court: The highest court in the country, responsible for the entire nation.
• High Courts: Found in each state, these courts handle matters within their respective states.
• District Courts: Operate at the district level and handle cases within their districts.
• Local Courts: Handle cases at the local level, ensuring justice is accessible across communities.

Integrated Judiciary

• Between citizens
• Between citizens and the government
• Between states
• Between the union and state governments

Independence of the Judiciary

Appointment and Removal of Judges

Powers of Judiciary

1. Interpretation of the Constitution: Both the Supreme Court and the High Courts can interpret the Constitution of India, ensuring laws align with its principles.
2. Judicial Review: They have the power of judicial review, meaning they can assess the constitutionality of laws and actions taken by the executive branch. This ensures that governmental actions do not violate constitutional rights.
3. Protection of Core Constitutional Principles: The Supreme Court has ruled that fundamental principles of the Constitution cannot be altered by Parliament, safeguarding its core values.
4. Guardian of Fundamental Rights: The judiciary acts as a guardian of fundamental rights, ensuring that these rights are protected and enforced. Citizens can approach the courts through public interest litigation if government actions threaten public welfare.

Benefits of CBSE Class 9 Political Science Notes Chapter 4

• Structured Learning: Notes provide a structured overview of the chapter, organizing key concepts, definitions, and explanations in a concise manner.
• Clarity and Understanding: They help in clarifying complex topics and concepts, making it easier for students to grasp the content.
• Comprehensive Coverage: These Notes cover all essential aspects of the chapter, ensuring that students have a comprehensive understanding of the topics discussed.
• Time-Saving: They save time by providing a consolidated view of the chapter's content, reducing the need to go through extensive textbooks or other resources.