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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions contains all the questions with detailed solutions. Students are advised to practice these questions for better understanding of the concepts given in the chapter.
authorImageKrati Saraswat21 Aug, 2025
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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2, Solutions, provide a detailed explanation of important concepts such as types of solutions, solubility, Raoult’s law, colligative properties, and abnormal molar masses. These solutions are designed as per the latest CBSE syllabus and cover all essential topics required for board exams.

The CBSE exam pattern includes a mix of theoretical and numerical questions, with a focus on concept-based short and long-answer questions, as well as numerical problems based on colligative properties. Solving previous year questions (PYQs) helps students understand frequently asked topics and improve their problem-solving skills. These solutions are an excellent resource for board exam preparation and competitive exams like JEE and NEET.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Overview

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 cover several important topics. It is highly recommended for students to review each topic thoroughly in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the concepts taught in the chapter and make optimal use of the provided solutions.

These solutions are the result of dedicated efforts by the Physics Wallah teachers aimed at assisting students in grasping the concepts covered in this chapter. By going through and practicing these solutions, the objective is for students to achieve excellent results in their exams effortlessly.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2

Answer the following Questions of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2:

Question 1. Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (C 6 H 6 ) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) if 22 g of benzene is dissolved in 122 g of carbon tetrachloride. Solution : Mass percentage of C 6 H 6 chapter 2-Solutions chapter 2-Solutions Mass percentage of CCl 4 chapter 2-Solutions chapter 2-Solutions Alternatively, Mass percentage of CCl 4 = (100 − 15.28)% = 84.72%

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 3

Question 2. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in carbon tetrachloride.
Solution :  Let the total mass of the solution be 100 g and the mass of benzene be 30 g. ∴Mass of carbon tetrachloride = (100 − 30)g = 70 g Molar mass of benzene (C 6 H 6 ) = (6 × 12 + 6 × 1) g mol −1 = 78 g mol −1 ∴Number of moles of chapter 2-Solutions = 0.3846 mol Molar mass of carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) = 1 × 12 + 4 × 35.5 = 154 g mol −1 ∴Number of moles of CCl 4 = 70 / 154 = 0.4545 mol Thus, the mole fraction of C 6 H 6 is given as: chapter 2-Solutions chapter 2-Solutions = 0.458

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 4

Question 3. Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions: (a) 30 g of Co(NO 3 ) 2 . 6H 2 O in 4.3 L of solution (b) 30 mL of 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 diluted to 500 mL.

Solution :
Molarity is given by: chapter 2-Solutions (a) Molar mass of Co (NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O = 59 + 2 (14 + 3 × 16) + 6 × 18 = 291 g mol −1 ∴Moles of Co (NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O chapter 2-Solutions = 0.103 mol Therefore, molarity chapter 2-Solutions = 0.023 M (b) Number of moles present in 1000 mL of 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 = 0.5 mol ∴Number of moles present in 30 mL of 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 m17f204c0.gif = 0.015 mol Therefore, molarity chapter 2-Solutions = 0.03 M

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 5

Question 4. Calculate the mass of urea (NH 2 CONH 2 ) required in making 2.5 kg of 0.25 molal aqueous solution.
Solution : Molar mass of urea (NH 2 CONH 2 ) = 2(1 × 14 + 2 × 1) + 1 × 12 + 1 × 16 = 60 g mol −1 0.25 molar aqueous solution of urea means: 1000 g of water contains 0.25 mol = (0.25 × 60)g of urea = 15 g of urea That is, (1000 + 15) g of solution contains 15 g of urea Therefore, 2.5 kg (2500 g) of solution contains chapter 2-Solutions = 36.95 g = 37 g of urea (approximately) Hence, mass of urea required = 37 g Question 5. Calculate (a) molality (b) molarity and (c) mole fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass) aqueous KI is 1.202 g mL -1.
Solution : (a) Molar mass of KI = 39 + 127 = 166 g mol −1 20% (mass/mass) aqueous solution of KI means 20 g of KI is present in 100 g of solution. That is, 20 g of KI is present in (100 − 20) g of water = 80 g of water Therefore, molality of the solution chapter 2-Solutions chapter 2-Solutions = 1.506 m = 1.51 m (approximately) (b) It is given that the density of the solution = 1.202 g mL −1 ∴Volume of 100 g solution chapter 2-Solutions chapter 2-Solutions = 83.19 mL = 83.19 × 10 −3 L Therefore, molarity of the solution chapter 2-Solutions = 1.45 M (c) Moles of KI chapter 2-Solutions Moles of water NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Therefore, mole fraction of KI chapter 2-Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 0.0263 Question 6.  H 2 S, a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell, is used for the qualitative analysis. If the solubility of H 2 S in water at STP is 0.195 m, calculate Henry’s law constant.
Solution : It is given that the solubility of H 2 S in water at STP is 0.195 m, i.e., 0.195 mol of H 2 S is dissolved in 1000 g of water. Moles of water NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 55.56 mol ∴Mole fraction of H 2 S, x NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 0.0035 At STP, pressure (p) = 0.987 bar According to Henry’s law: p = K H x NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 282 bar
Question 7. Henry’s law constant for CO 2 in water is 1.67 × 10 8 Pa at 298 K. Calculate the quantity of CO 2 in 500 mL of soda water when packed under 2.5 atm CO 2 pressure at 298 K.
 Solution :  It is given that: K H = 1.67 × 10 8 Pa NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 2.5 atm = 2.5 × 1.01325 × 10 5 Pa = 2.533125 × 10 5 Pa According to Henry’s law: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 0.00152 We can write, chapter 2-Solutions [Since, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions is negligible as compared to NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry ] In 500 mL of soda water, the volume of water = 500 mL [Neglecting the amount of soda present] We can write: 500 mL of water = 500 g of water nH 2 0= 27.78 mol of water Now, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Hence, quantity of CO 2 in 500 mL of soda water = (0.042 × 44)g = 1.848 g
Question 8. The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450 and 700 mm Hg respectively, at 350 K. Find out the composition of the liquid mixture if total vapour pressure is 600 mm Hg. Also find the composition of the vapour phase.
 Solution :  It is given that: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 450 mm of Hg NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 700 mm of Hg p total = 600 mm of Hg From Raoult’s law, we have: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Therefore, total pressure, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Therefore, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 1 − 0.4 = 0.6 Now, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 450 × 0.4 = 180 mm of Hg NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 700 × 0.6 = 420 mm of Hg Now, in the vapour phase: Mole fraction of liquid A NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 0.30 And, mole fraction of liquid B = 1 − 0.30 = 0.70
Question 9. Vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23.8 mm Hg. 50 g of urea (NH 2 CONH 2 ) is dissolved in 850 g of water. Calculate the vapour pressure of water for this solution and its relative lowering.
Solution : It is given that vapour pressure of water, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 23.8 mm of Hg Weight of water taken, w 1 = 850 g Weight of urea taken, w 2 = 50 g Molecular weight of water, M 1 = 18 g mol −1 Molecular weight of urea, M 2 = 60 g mol −1 Now, we have to calculate vapour pressure of water in the solution. We take vapour pressure as p 1 . Now, from Raoult’s law, we have: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Hence, the vapour pressure of water in the given solution is 23.4 mm of Hg and its relative lowering is 0.0173.
Question  10. Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is 99.63°C. How much sucrose is to be added to 500 g of water such that it boils at 100°C. Molal elevation constant for water is 0.52 K kg mol −1. Solution : Here, elevation of boiling point ΔT b = (100 + 273) − (99.63 + 273) = 0.37 K Mass of water, w l = 500 g Molar mass of sucrose (C 12 H 22 O 11 ), M 2 = 11 × 12 + 22 × 1 + 11 × 16 = 342 g mol −1 Molal elevation constant, K b = 0.52 K kg mol −1 We know that: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 121.67 g (approximately) Hence, 121.67 g of sucrose is to be added. Question 11. Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C, C 6 H 8 O 6 ) to be dissolved in 75 g of acetic acid to lower its melting point by 1.5°C. K f = 3.9 K kg mol −1. Solution : Mass of acetic acid, w 1 = 75 g Molar mass of ascorbic acid (C 6 H 8 O 6 ), M 2 = 6 × 12 + 8 × 1 + 6 × 16 = 176 g mol −1 Lowering of melting point, ΔT f = 1.5 K We know that: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 5.08 g (approx) Hence, 5.08 g of ascorbic acid is needed to be dissolved. Question 12. Calculate the osmotic pressure in pascals exerted by a solution prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of polymer of molar mass 185,000 in 450 mL of water at 37°C. Solution : It is given that: Volume of water, V = 450 mL = 0.45 L Temperature, T = (37 + 273)K = 310 K Number of moles of the polymer, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions We know that: Osmotic pressure, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 30.98 Pa = 31 Pa (approximately)
Question 13. Define the term solution. How many types of solutions are formed? Write briefly about each type with an example. Solution : Homogeneous mixtures of two or more than two components are known as solutions. There are three types of solutions.
(i) Gaseous solution: The solution in which the solvent is a gas is called a gaseous solution. In these solutions, the solute may be liquid, solid, or gas. For example, a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gas is a gaseous solution.
(ii) Liquid solution: The solution in which the solvent is a liquid is known as a liquid solution. The solute in these solutions may be gas, liquid, or solid. For example, a solution of ethanol in water is a liquid solution.
(iii) Solid solution: The solution in which the solvent is a solid is known as a solid solution. The solute may be gas, liquid or solid. For example, a solution of copper in gold is a solid solution.
Question 14. Give an example of solid solution in which the solute is a gas.
Solution :  In case a solid solution is formed between two substances (one having very large particles and the other having very small particles), an interstitial solid solution will be formed. For example, a solution of hydrogen in palladium is a solid solution in which the solute is a gas.
Question 15. Define the following terms: (i) Mole fraction (ii) Molality (iii) Molarity (iv) Mass percentage. Solution : (i) Mole fraction: The mole fraction of a component in a mixture is defined as the ratio of the number of moles of the component to the total number of moles of all the components in the mixture. i.e., Mole fraction of a component NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Mole fraction is denoted by ‘x’. If in a binary solution, the number of moles of the solute and the solvent are n A and n B respectively, then the mole fraction of the solute in the solution is given by, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Similarly, the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution is given as: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions (ii) Molality Molality (m) is defined as the number of moles of the solute per kilogram of the solvent. It is expressed as: Molality (m) NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions (iii) Molarity Molarity (M) is defined as the number of moles of the solute dissolved in one Litre of the solution. It is expressed as: Molarity (M) NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions (iv) Mass percentage: The mass percentage of a component of a solution is defined as the mass of the solute in grams present in 100 g of the solution. It is expressed as: Mass % of a component NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Question 15. Concentrated nitric acid used in laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass in aqueous solution. What should be the molarity of such a sample of the acid if the density of the solution is 1.504 g mL −1?
Solution : Concentrated nitric acid used in laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass in an aqueous solution. This means that 68 g of nitric acid is dissolved in 100 g of the solution. Molar mass of nitric acid (HNO 3 ) = 1 × 1 + 1 × 14 + 3 × 16 = 63 g mol −1 Then, number of moles of HNO 3 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 1.079 mol Given, Density of solution = 1.504 g mL −1 (Mass / Density) = Volume of 100 g solution = NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Molarity of solution NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions
Question 16. A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10% w/w, what would be the molality and mole fraction of each component in the solution? If the density of solution is 1.2 g mL −1, then what shall be the molarity of the
solution?  Solution : 10% w/w solution of glucose in water means that 10 g of glucose in present in 100 g of the solution i.e., 10 g of glucose is present in (100 − 10) g = 90 g of water. Molar mass of glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) = 6 × 12 + 12 × 1 + 6 × 16 = 180 g mol −1 Then, number of moles of glucose NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 0.056 mol ⇒ Molality of solution NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry = 0.62 m Number of moles of water NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 5 mol ⇒ Mole fraction of glucose NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry And, mole fraction of water NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 1 − 0.011 = 0.989 If the density of the solution is 1.2 g mL −1 , then the volume of the 100 g solution can be given as: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions ⇒ Molarity of the solution NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry = 0.67 M
Question 17. How many mL of 0.1 M HCl are required to react completely with 1 g mixture of Na 2 CO 3 and NaHCO 3 containing equimolar amounts of both?  
Solution :  Let the amount of Na 2 CO 3 in the mixture be x g. Then, the amount of NaHCO 3 in the mixture is (1 − x) g. Molar mass of Na 2 CO 3 = 2 × 23 + 1 × 12 + 3 × 16 = 106 g mol −1 ⇒ Number of moles Na 2 CO 3 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Molar mass of NaHCO 3 = 1 × 23 + 1 × 1 × 12 + 3 × 16 = 84 g mol −1 ⇒ Number of moles of NaHCO 3 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry According to the question, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions ⇒ 84x = 106 − 106x ⇒ 190x = 106 ⇒ x = 0.5579 Therefore, number of moles of Na 2 CO 3 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 0.0053 mol And, number of moles of NaHCO 3 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 0.0053 mol HCl reacts with Na 2 CO 3 and NaHCO 3 according to the following equation. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions 1 mol of Na 2 CO 3 reacts with 2 mol of HCl. Therefore, 0.0053 mol of Na 2 CO 3 reacts with 2 × 0.0053 mol = 0.0106 mol. Similarly, 1 mol of NaHCO 3 reacts with 1 mol of HCl. Therefore, 0.0053 mol of NaHCO 3 reacts with 0.0053 mol of HCl. Total moles of HCl required = (0.0106 + 0.0053) mol = 0.0159 mol In 0.1 M of HCl, 0.1 mol of HCl is preset in 1000 mL of the solution. Therefore, 0.0159 mol of HCl is present in NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 159 mL of the solution Hence, 159 mL of 0.1 M of HCl is required to react completely with 1 g mixture of Na 2 CO 3 and NaHCO 3, containing equimolar amounts of both.
Question 18. A solution is obtained by mixing 300 g of 25% solution and 400 g of 40% solution by mass. Calculate the mass percentage of the resulting solution.  
Solution :  Total amount of solute present in the mixture is given by, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 75 + 160 = 235 g Total amount of solution = 300 + 400 = 700 g Therefore, mass percentage (w/w) of the solute in the resulting solution, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 33.57% And, mass percentage (w/w) of the solvent in the resulting solution, = (100 − 33.57)% = 66.43%
Question 19. An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g of ethylene glycol (C 2 H 6 O 2 ) and 200 g of water. Calculate the molality of the solution. If the density of the solution is 1.072 g mL −1 , then what shall be the molarity of the solution?
Solution : Molar mass of ethylene glycol NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 2 × 12 + 6 × 1 + 2 ×16 = 62 gmol −1 Number of moles of ethylene glycol NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 3.59 mol Therefore, molality of the solution NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 17.95 m Total mass of the solution = (222.6 + 200) g = 422.6 g Given, Density of the solution = 1.072 g mL −1 ⇒ Volume of the solution NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry = 394.22 mL = 0.3942 × 10 −3 L ∴ Molarity of the solution NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry = 9.11 M
Question 20. A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with chloroform (CHCl 3 ) supposed to be a carcinogen. The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by mass): (i) express this in percent by mass (ii) determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample.
Solution : (i) 15 ppm (by mass) means 15 parts per million (10 6) of the solution. Therefore, percent by mass NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 1.5 × 10 −3 % (ii) Molar mass of chloroform (CHCl 3 ) = 1 × 12 + 1 × 1 + 3 × 35.5 = 119.5 g mol −1 Now, according to the question, 15 g of chloroform is present in 10 6 g of the solution. i.e., 15 g of chloroform is present in (10 6 − 15) ≈ 106 g of water. ∴ Molality of the solution NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry = 1.26 × 10 −4 m
Question  21. What role does the molecular interaction play in a solution of alcohol and water?
Solution : In pure alcohol and water, the molecules are held tightly by a strong hydrogen bonding. The interaction between the molecules of alcohol and water is weaker than alcohol−alcohol and water−water interactions. As a result, when alcohol and water are mixed, the intermolecular interactions become weaker and the molecules can easily escape. This increases the vapour pressure of the solution, which in turn lowers the boiling point of the resulting solution. Question 22. Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised?
Solution : Solubility of gases in liquids decreases with an increase in temperature. This is because dissolution of gases in liquids is an exothermic process. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Therefore, when the temperature is increased, heat is supplied and the equilibrium shifts backwards, thereby decreasing the solubility of gases. Question 23. State Henry’s law and mention some important applications? Solution : Henry’s law states that partial pressure of a gas in the vapour phase is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in the solution. If p is the partial pressure of the gas in the vapour phase and x is the mole fraction of the gas, then Henry’s law can be expressed as: p = K H x Where, K H is Henry’s law constant Some important applications of Henry’s law are mentioned below.
(i) Bottles are sealed under high pressure to increase the solubility of CO  2 in soft drinks and soda water.

(ii) Henry’s law states that the solubility of gases increases with an increase in pressure. Therefore, when a scuba diver dives deep into the sea, the increased sea pressure causes the nitrogen present in air to dissolve in his blood in great amounts. As a result, when he comes back to the surface, the solubility of nitrogen again decreases and the dissolved gas is released, leading to the formation of nitrogen bubbles in the blood. This results in the blockage of capillaries and leads to a medical condition known as ‘bends’ or ‘decompression sickness’. Hence, the oxygen tanks used by scuba divers are filled with air and diluted with helium to avoid bends.

(iii) The concentration of oxygen is low in the blood and tissues of people living at high altitudes such as climbers. This is because at high altitudes, partial pressure of oxygen is less than that at ground level. Low-blood oxygen causes climbers to become weak and disables them from thinking clearly. These are symptoms of anoxia.
Question 24. The partial pressure of ethane over a solution containing 6.56 × 10 −3 g of ethane is 1 bar. If the solution contains 5.00 × 10 −2 g of ethane, then what shall be the partial pressure of the gas?
Solution : Molar mass of ethane (C 2 H 6 ) = 2 × 12 + 6 × 1 = 30 g mol −1 ∴Number of moles present in 6.56 × 10 −3 g of ethane NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry = 2.187 × 10 −4 mol Let the number of moles of the solvent be x. According to Henry’s law, p = K H x NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Number of moles present in 5.00 × 10 −2 g of ethane NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 1.67 × 10 −3 mol According to Henry’s law, p = K H x NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 7.636 bar Hence, partial pressure of the gas shall be 7.636 bar.
Question 25. What is meant by positive and negative deviations from Raoult's law and how is the sign of Δ sol H related to positive and negative deviations from Raoult's law?
Solution : According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapour pressure of each volatile component in any solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction. The solutions which obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration are known as ideal solutions. The solutions that do not obey Raoult’s law (non-ideal solutions) have vapour pressures either higher or lower than that predicted by Raoult’s law. If the vapour pressure is higher, then the solution is said to exhibit positive deviation, and if it is lower, then the solution is said to exhibit negative deviation from Raoult’s law. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Vapour pressure of a two-component solution showing positive deviation from Raoult’s law NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Vapour pressure of a two-component solution showing negative deviation from Raoult’s law In the case of an ideal solution, the enthalpy of the mixing of the pure components for forming the solution is zero. Δ sol H = 0 In the case of solutions showing positive deviations, absorption of heat takes place. ∴Δ sol H = Positive In the case of solutions showing negative deviations, evolution of heat takes place. ∴Δ sol H = Negative Question 26. An aqueous solution of 2% non-volatile solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at the normal boiling point of the solvent. What is the molar mass of the solute?
Solution : Here, Vapour pressure of the solution at normal boiling point (p 1 ) = 1.004 bar Vapour pressure of pure water at normal boiling point NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Mass of solute, (w 2 ) = 2 g Mass of solvent (water), (w 1 ) = 98 g Molar mass of solvent (water), (M 1 ) = 18 g mol −1 According to Raoult’s law, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 41.35 g mol −1 Hence, the molar mass of the solute is 41.35 g mol −1.
Question 27. Heptane and octane form an ideal solution. At 373 K, the vapour pressures of the two liquid components are 105.2 kPa and 46.8 kPa respectively. What will be the vapour pressure of a mixture of 26.0 g of heptane and 35 g of octane?
Solution :  Vapour pressure of heptane NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Vapour pressure of octane NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 46.8 kPa We know that, Molar mass of heptane (C 7 H 16 ) = 7 × 12 + 16 × 1 = 100 g mol −1 ∴ Number of moles of heptane NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry = 0.26 mol Molar mass of octane (C 8 H 18 ) = 8 × 12 + 18 × 1 = 114 g mol −1 ∴ Number of moles of octane = 35 /114 mol = 0.31 mol Mole fraction of heptane, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 0.456 And, mole fraction of octane, x 2 = 1 − 0.456 = 0.544 Now, partial pressure of heptane, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 0.456 × 105.2 = 47.97 kPa Partial pressure of octane, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 0.544 × 46.8 = 25.46 kPa Hence, vapour pressure of solution, p total = p 1 + p 2 = 47.97 + 25.46 = 73.43 kPa
Question 28. The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300 K. Calculate vapour pressure of 1 molal solution of a non-volatile solute in it.
Solution : 1 molal solution means 1 mol of the solute is present in 1000 g of the solvent (water). Molar mass of water = 18 g mol −1 = Number of moles present in 1000 g of water NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry = 55.56 mol Therefore, mole fraction of the solute in the solution is NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions . It is given that, Vapour pressure of water, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 12.3 kPa Applying the relation, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions ⇒ 12.3 − p 1 = 0.2177 ⇒ p 1 = 12.0823 = 12.08 kPa (approximately) Hence, the vapour pressure of the solution is 12.08 kPa.
Question 29. Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molar mass 40 g mol −1 ) which should be dissolved in 114 g octane to reduce its vapour pressure to 80%.
Solution : Let the vapour pressure of pure octane be NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Then, the vapour pressure of the octane after dissolving the non-volatile solute is NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Molar mass of solute, M 2 = 40 g mol −1 Mass of octane, w 1 = 114 g Molar mass of octane, (C 8 H 18 ), M 1 = 8 × 12 + 18 × 1 = 114 g mol −1 Applying the relation, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Hence, the required mass of the solute is 8 g.
Question 30. A solution containing 30 g of non-volatile solute exactly in 90 g of water has a vapour pressure of 2.8 kPa at 298 K. Further, 18 g of water is then added to the solution and the new vapour pressure becomes 2.9 kPa at 298 K. Calculate: molar mass of the solute vapour pressure of water at 298 K.
Solution : (i) Let, the molar mass of the solute be M g mol −1 Now, the no. of moles of solvent (water), NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions And, the no. of moles of solute, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Applying the relation: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions After the addition of 18 g of water: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Again, applying the relation: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Dividing equation (i) by (ii), we have: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Therefore, the molar mass of the solute is 23 g mol −1. (ii) Putting the value of ‘M’ in equation (i), we have: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Hence, the vapour pressure of water at 298 K is 3.53 kPa. Page No 60:
Question 31. A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271 K. Calculate the freezing point of 5% glucose in water if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
Solution : Here, ΔT f = (273.15 − 271) K = 2.15 K Molar mass of sugar (C 12 H 22 O 11 ) = 12 × 12 + 22 × 1 + 11 × 16 = 342 g mol −1 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water means 5 g of cane sugar is present in (100 − 5)g = 95 g of water. Now, number of moles of cane sugar NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 0.0146 mol Therefore, molality of the solution, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 0.1537 mol kg −1 Applying the relation, ΔT f = K f × m NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 13.99 K kg mol −1 Molar of glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) = 6 × 12 + 12 × 1 + 6 × 16 = 180 g mol −1 5% glucose in water means 5 g of glucose is present in (100 − 5) g = 95 g of water. ∴ Number of moles of glucose NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry = 0.0278 mol Therefore, molality of the solution, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 0.2926 mol kg −1 Applying the relation, ΔT f = K f × m = 13.99 K kg mol −1 × 0.2926 mol kg−1 = 4.09 K (approximately) Hence, the freezing point of 5% glucose solution is (273.15 − 4.09) K= 269.06 K.
Question 32. Two elements A and B form compounds having formula AB 2 and AB 4 . When dissolved in 20 g of benzene (C 6 H 6 ), 1 g of AB 2 lowers the freezing point by 2.3 Kwhereas 1.0 g of AB 4 lowers it by 1.3 K. The molar depression constant for benzene is 5.1 Kkg mol −1 . Calculate atomic masses of A and B. Solution : We know that, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Then, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 110.87 g mol −1 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 196.15 g mol −1 Now, we have the molar masses of AB 2 and AB 4 as 110.87 g mol −1 and 196.15 g mol−1 respectively. Let the atomic masses of A and B be x and y respectively. Now, we can write: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Subtracting equation (i) from (ii), we have 2y = 85.28 ⇒ y = 42.64 Putting the value of ‘y’ in equation (1), we have x + 2 × 42.64 = 110.87 ⇒ x = 25.59 Hence, the atomic masses of A and B are 25.59 u and 42.64 u respectively. Question 33. At 300 K, 36 g of glucose present in a litre of its solution has an osmotic pressure of 4.98 bar. If the osmotic pressure of the solution is 1.52 bars at the same temperature, what would be its concentration?
Solution : Here, T = 300 K π = 1.52 bar R = 0.083 bar L K −1 mol−1 Applying the relation, π = CRT NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 0.061 mol Since the volume of the solution is 1 L, the concentration of the solution would be 0.061 M.
Question 34. Suggest the most important type of intermolecular attractive interaction in the following pairs. (i) n-hexane and n-octane (ii) I 2 and CCl 4 (iii) NaClO 4 and water (iv) methanol and acetone (v) acetonitrile (CH 3 CN) and acetone (C 3 H 6 O). Solution : (i) Van der Wall’s forces of attraction. (ii) Van der Wall’s forces of attraction. (iii) Ion-diople interaction. (iv) Dipole-dipole interaction. (v) Dipole-dipole interaction.
Question  35. Based on solute-solvent interactions, arrange the following in order of increasing solubility in n-octane and explain. Cyclohexane, KCl, CH 3 OH, CH 3 CN.
Solution : n-octane is a non-polar solvent. Therefore, the solubility of a non-polar solute is more than that of a polar solute in the n-octane. The order of increasing polarity is: Cyclohexane < CH 3 CN < CH 3 OH < KCl Therefore, the order of increasing solubility is: KCl < CH 3 OH < CH 3 CN < Cyclohexane Question 36. Amongst the following compounds, identify which are insoluble, partially soluble and highly soluble in water? (i) phenol (ii) toluene (iii) formic acid (iv) ethylene glycol (v) chloroform (vi) pentanol.
Solution : (i) Phenol (C 6 H 5 OH) has the polar group −OH and non-polar group −C 6 H 5 . Thus, phenol is partially soluble in water. (ii) Toluene (C 6 H 5 −CH 3 ) has no polar groups. Thus, toluene is insoluble in water. (iii) Formic acid (HCOOH) has the polar group −OH and can form H-bond with water. Thus, formic acid is highly soluble in water. (iv) Ethylene glycol NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions has polar −OH group and can form H−bond. Thus, it is highly soluble in water. (v) Chloroform is insoluble in water. (vi) Pentanol (C 5 H 11 OH) has polar −OH group, but it also contains a very bulky non-polar −C 5 H 11 group. Thus, pentanol is partially soluble in water.
Question 37. If the density of some lake water is 1.25 g mL −1 and contains 92 g of Na + ions per kg of water, calculate the molality of Na + ions in the lake.
Solution :  Number of moles present in 92 g of Na + ions = NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions/15a811d2.gif = 4 mol Therefore, molality of Na + ions in the lake NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions/70b51c55.gif = 4 m
Question 38. If the solubility product of CuS is 6 × 10 −16 , calculate the maximum molarity of CuS in aqueous solution. Solution : Solubility product of CuS, K sp = 6 × 10 −16 Let s be the solubility of CuS in mol L −1. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Now, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = s × s = s 2 Then, we have, K sp = NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 2.45 × 10 −8 mol L−1 Hence, the maximum molarity of CuS in an aqueous solution is 2.45 × 10 −8 mol L −1.
Question  39. Calculate the mass percentage of aspirin (C 9 H 8 O 4 ) in acetonitrile (CH 3 CN) when 6.5 g of C 9 H 8 O 4 is dissolved in 450 g of CH 3 CN.
Solution :  6.5 g of C 9 H 8 O 4 is dissolved in 450 g of CH 3 CN. Then, total mass of the solution = (6.5 + 450) g = 456.5 g Therefore, mass percentage ofC 9 H 8 O 4 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions/45acb878.gif = 1.424% Question 40. Nalorphene (C 19 H 21 NO 3 ), similar to morphine, is used to combat withdrawal symptoms in narcotic users. Dose of nalorphene generally given is 1.5 mg. Calculate the mass of 1.5 × 10 −3 m aqueous solution required for the above dose.
Solution : The molar mass of nalorphene NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions is given as: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions In 1.5 × 10 −3 m aqueous solution of nalorphene, 1 kg (1000 g) of water contains 1.5 × 10 −3 mol 35b0e89a.gif = 0.4665 g Therefore, total mass of the solution NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions This implies that the mass of the solution containing 0.4665 g of nalorphene is 1000.4665 g. Therefore, mass of the solution containing 1.5 mg of nalorphene is: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Hence, the mass of aqueous solution required is 3.22 g.
Question 41. Calculate the amount of benzoic acid (C 6 H 5 COOH) required for preparing 250 mL of 0.15 M solution in methanol. Solution : 0.15 M solution of benzoic acid in methanol means, 1000 mL of solution contains 0.15 mol of benzoic acid Therefore, 250 mL of solution contains = NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions mol of benzoic acid = 0.0375 mol of benzoic acid Molar mass of benzoic acid (C 6 H 5 COOH) = 7 × 12 + 6 × 1 + 2 × 16 = 122 g mol −1 Hence, required benzoic acid = 0.0375 mol × 122 g mol −1 = 4.575 g Question 42. The depression in freezing point of water observed for the same amount of acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid increases in the order given above. Explain briefly.
Solution : NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry m23e1cd65.jpg Among H, Cl, and F, H is least electronegative while F is most electronegative. Then, F can withdraw electrons towards itself more than Cl and H. Thus, trifluoroacetic acid can easily lose H + ions i.e., trifluoroacetic acid ionizes to the largest extent. Now, the more ions produced, the greater is the depression of the freezing point. Hence, the depression in the freezing point increases in the order: Acetic acid < trichloroacetic acid < trifluoroacetic acid
Question 43. Calculate the depression in the freezing point of water when 10 g of CH 3 CH 2 CHClCOOH is added to 250 g of water. K a = 1.4 × 10 −3, K f = 1.86 K kg mo l−1.
Solution : Molar mass of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry ∴No. of moles present in 10 g of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry =  0.0816 mol It is given that 10 g of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry is added to 250 g of water. ∴Molality of the solution, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Let α be the degree of dissociation of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry undergoes dissociation according to the following equation: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Since α is very small with respect to 1, 1 − α ≈ 1 Now, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Again, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Total moles of equilibrium = 1 − α + α + α = 1 + α NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Hence, the depression in the freezing point of water is given as: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Question 44. 19.5 g of CH 2 FCOOH is dissolved in 500 g of water. The depression in the freezing point of water observed is 1.0°C. Calculate the van’t Hoff factor and dissociation constant of fluoroacetic acid. Solution : It is given that: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry We know that: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Therefore, observed molar mass of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry The calculated molar mass of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry is: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Therefore, van’t Hoff factor, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Let α be the degree of dissociation of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Now, the value of K a is given as: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Taking the volume of the solution as 500 mL, we have the concentration: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Therefore, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions
Question 45. Vapour pressure of water at 293 Kis 17.535 mm Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure of water at 293 Kwhen 25 g of glucose is dissolved in 450 g of water.
Solution : Vapour pressure of water, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 17.535 mm of Hg Mass of glucose, w 2 = 25 g Mass of water, w 1 = 450 g We know that, Molar mass of glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ), M 2 = 6 × 12 + 12 × 1 + 6 × 16 = 180 g mol −1 Molar mass of water, M 1 = 18 g mol −1 Then, number of moles of glucose, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 0.139 mol And, number of moles of water, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 25 mol We know that, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions ⇒ 17.535 − p 1 = 0.097 ⇒ p 1 = 17.44 mm of Hg Hence, the vapour pressure of water is 17.44 mm of Hg. Question 46. Henry’s law constant for the molality of methane in benzene at 298 Kis 4.27 × 10 5 mm Hg. Calculate the solubility of methane in benzene at 298 Kunder 760 mm Hg.
Solution : Here, p = 760 mm Hg k H = 4.27 × 10 5 mm Hg According to Henry’s law, p = k H x NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 177.99 × 10 −5 = 178 × 10 −5 (approximately) Hence, the mole fraction of methane in benzene is 178 × 10 −5.
Question 47. 100 g of liquid A (molar mass 140 g mol −1 ) was dissolved in 1000 g of liquid B (molar mass 180 g mol −1 ). The vapour pressure of pure liquid B was found to be 500 torr. Calculate the vapour pressure of pure liquid A and its vapour pressure in the solution if the total vapour pressure of the solution is 475 Torr. Solution : Number of moles of liquid A, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 0.714 mol Number of moles of liquid B, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 5.556 mol Then, mole fraction of A, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 0.114 And, mole fraction of B, x B = 1 − 0.114 = 0.886 Vapour pressure of pure liquid B, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 500 torr Therefore, vapour pressure of liquid B in the solution, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 500 × 0.886 = 443 torr Total vapour pressure of the solution, p total = 475 torr ∵ Vapour pressure of liquid A in the solution, p A = p total − p B = 475 − 443 = 32 torr Now, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 280.7 torr Hence, the vapour pressure of pure liquid A is 280.7 torr.
Question 48. Vapour pressure of pure acetone and chloroform at 328 K are 741.8 mm Hg and 632.8 mm Hg respectively. Assuming that they form ideal solution over the entire range of composition, plot p total ’ p chloroform ’ and p acetone as a function of x acetone . The experimental data observed for different compositions of mixture is.
100 ×x acetone 0 11.8 23.4 36.0 50.8 58.2 64.5 72.1
p acetone /mm Hg 0 54.9 110.1 202.4 322.7 405.9 454.1 521.1
p chloroform /mm Hg 632.8 548.1 469.4 359.7 257.7 193.6 161.2 120.7
Solution : From the question, we have the following data
100 ×x acetone 0 11.8 23.4 36.0 50.8 58.2 64.5 72.1
p acetone /mm Hg 0 54.9 110.1 202.4 322.7 405.9 454.1 521.1
p chloroform /mm Hg 632.8 548.1 469.4 359.7 257.7 193.6 161.2 120.7
p tota (mm Hg) 632.8 603.0 579.5 562.1 580.4 599.5 615.3 641.8
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions It can be observed from the graph that the plot for the p total of the solution curves downwards. Therefore, the solution shows negative deviation from the ideal behaviour.
Question  49. Benzene and toluene form ideal solution over the entire range of composition. The vapour pressure of pure benzene and toluene at 300 K are 50.71 mm Hg and 32.06 mm Hg respectively. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase if 80 g of benzene is mixed with 100 g of toluene.
Solution : Molar mass of benzene NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Molar mass of toluene NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Now, no. of moles present in 80 g of benzene NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 1.026 And, no. of moles present in 100 g of toluene  = 100/92 = 1.087 mol ∴Mole fraction of benzene, x b NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions And, mole fraction of toluene, 40d13744.gif It is given that vapour pressure of pure benzene, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions And, vapour pressure of pure toluene, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Therefore, partial vapour pressure of benzene, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions And, partial vapour pressure of toluene, 1eb10835.gif NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Hence, mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase is given by: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Question 50. The air is a mixture of a number of gases. The major components are oxygen and nitrogen with approximate proportion of 20% is to 79% by volume at 298 K. The water is in equilibrium with air at a pressure of 10 atm. At 298 Kif the Henry’s law constants for oxygen and nitrogen are 3.30 × 10 7 mm and 6.51 × 10 7 mm respectively, calculate the composition of these gases in water.
Solution : Percentage of oxygen (O 2 ) in air = 20 % Percentage of nitrogen (N 2 ) in air = 79% Also, it is given that water is in equilibrium with air at a total pressure of 10 atm, that is, (10 × 760) mm Hg = 7600 mm Hg Therefore, Partial pressure of oxygen, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 1520 mm Hg Partial pressure of nitrogen, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 6004 mmHg Now, according to Henry’s law: p = K H .x For oxygen: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions For nitrogen: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Hence, the mole fractions of oxygen and nitrogen in water are 4.61 ×10 −5and 9.22 × 10−5 respectively. Question 51. Determine the amount of CaCl 2 (i = 2.47) dissolved in 2.5 litre of water such that its osmotic pressure is 0.75 atm at 27°C. Solution : We know that, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions Here, R = 0.0821 L atm K -1mol-1 M = 1 × 40 + 2 × 35.5 = 111g mol -1 Therefore, w NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions = 3.42 g Hence, the required amount of CaCl 2 is 3.42 g.
Question  52. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K 2 SO 4 in 2 liter of water at 25° C, assuming that it is completely dissociated.  
Solution :  When K 2 SO 4 is dissolved in water, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions ions are produced. ⇒ Total number of ions produced = 3 ⇒ i =3 Given, w = 25 mg = 0.025 g V = 2 L T = 25 0C = (25 + 273) K = 298 K Also, we know that: R = 0.0821 L atm K -1mol-1 M = (2 × 39) + (1 × 32) + (4 × 16) = 174 g mol -1 Appling the following relation, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 - Solutions
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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions FAQs

Which chapter of chemistry class 12 is most important?

Organic chemistry is the most important topic for CBSE Class 12 Chemistry exam.

What is the important reaction in aldehyde ketone and carboxylic acid?

The carbonyl groups in aldehydes and ketones can be oxidized to form the next “oxidation level” compound-carboxylic acid. Adding water to an aldehyde or ketone produces a product called a hydrate or gemdiol (two OH groups on one carbon). The reaction is catalyzed by acids and bases.

Is Class 12 chemistry difficult?

“As per my meticulous observation, the difficulty level of the Chemistry paper of Class 12 was high. The questions asked in the paper were tricky, although they were from the NCERT course.

What are the 4 main elements of organic chemistry?

Four elements, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, are the major components of most organic compounds.

Is ketone acidic or basic?

The acidosis is usually attributed to the 'acidic' nature of the ketone bodies (acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone). However, acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate are produced not as acids but as their conjugate bases, and acetone is neither an acid nor a base.
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