Double Fertilization In Angiosperms

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What are Angiosperms?

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Classification of Angiosperms

Monocotyledons

• These plants' seeds only have one cotyledon.
• Simple leaves with parallel venation are present on the plants.
• There are numerous closed vascular bundles in them.
• The blooms have a trimerous character, which means that they are typically arranged in threes or sixes.
• Primary taproots are not present, and the roots are adventitious.
• For instance, bamboo, lilies, sugarcane plants, and bananas.

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Dicotyledons

• The reticulate venation on the leaves is a distinguishing characteristic of this group.
• Usually, they have two to six pieces organised in a ring.
• Tetramerous or pentamerous flowers are the norm.
• Dicots are plants that have taproots.
• Examples: Dandelions, sunflowers, tomatoes, etc.

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Angiosperms Anatomy

• Stamens, which create the pollen grains that serve as the equivalent of sperm for angiosperm plants. In the ovaries of a plant, male and female genetic information can be mixed to generate pollen grains.

• Compared to gymnosperm male reproductive materials, pollen, the male reproductive material of angiosperms, is smaller.

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• Flowers, structures that house an angiosperm's male and female reproductive organs, are frequently created to entice insects and other animals that can cross-pollinate with various plants.
• Carpels enclose the plant's ovaries, which are inside or just behind the bloom. Gymnosperms cannot develop seeds as quickly as ovaries, which can create seeds and fruit as soon as they receive pollen grains.

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Reproductive Structures in Angiosperms

• The petals, sepals, stamens, and carpels that make up flowers are the reproductive organs of angiosperms. The sepals are the emerald-green structures covering the petals, and the petals are the flower's brilliant outermost components. The female reproductive organs are the carpels, while the male reproductive organs are the stamens. "Floral organs" refers to petals, sepals, stamens, and carpels.
• The flowers produce angiosperm seeds as part of their function. The pollen from the stamens is carried to the carpels by the wind or insects, which pollinate the blooms. The seeds are then generated from the pollen fertilising the ovules inside the carpels.
• The structures that house the seeds are known as the fruits, the developed ovaries of the flowers. Animals can eat fruits in various sizes and forms and disperse the seeds in their waste.

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Double Fertilization in Angiosperms

• The most diverse groups of terrestrial plant life are angiosperms, which are flower-bearing flora. With distinct male and female reproductive organs, the flowers shape the reproductive portion of angiosperms. Each contains gametes, namely sperm and egg cells.
• The pollen grains can more easily reach the stigma thanks to pollination. The next step is fertilisation.
• The term "double fertilisation" refers to the process in which two structures, specifically the zygote and endosperm, are produced during fertilisation.
• One sperm cell fuses with the egg mobile during the complex process known as double fertilisation. The second sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei to create a triploid number one endosperm nucleus (PEN) and a diploid number two zygote, respectively.
• Endosperm is created when three haploid nuclei fuse; this process is known as triple fusion. The first endosperm nucleus eventually matures into the first endosperm mobile (p.c) and then into the endosperm.
• Several cell divisions will result in the zygote developing into an embryo.
• The embryo starts to expand, becomes crowded, and flexes.
• The embryo fills the seed during the last stage.

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Phases of Development of Embryo in Angiosperms

• The terminal cell separates early in development, resulting in a pro-embryo that resembles a globe. The basal cell divides further into a suspensor.
• Due to the presence of cotyledons, the growing embryo takes on a heart-shaped form.
• The growing embryo becomes crowded and begins to take on new shapes.
• The embryo takes up the whole seed.

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Significance of Double Fertilization

• Only two fusions occur, and only two products result from them.
• The triploid primary endosperm nucleus (PEN), the secondary byproduct of fertilisation, develops into the endosperm, a nutritive tissue that feeds the growing embryo.
• The result of the fusion process retains the diploid state throughout the life cycle. The diploid zygote develops into an embryo, which becomes a new plant.
• The two male gametes produced by a pollen grain are used in double fertilisation.
• As a result, the likelihood of poly-embryology rises, raising the likelihood that the new plant will survive.
• The plants that are in charge of ovary development into fruits and ovule development into seeds are stimulated by double fertilisation.
• The seeds of angiosperms are very accessible since angiosperms are known for their twofold fertilisation.
• The re-fusion of traits caused by double fertilisation results in a variance in the offspring.

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