DNA Transcription mRNA - Stages, Processing, Applications

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DNA Structure Packaging

DNA Transcription

DNA Replication Experiment

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

DNA Fingerprinting

mRNA Transcription Stages

Initiation

• Recognition of the promoter : The promoter region of the DNA, which is responsible for signaling the location of the gene's start point, is recognised and bound to by RNA polymerase. RNA polymerase and other regulatory proteins detect certain sequences inside the promoter. These sequences determine whether or not transcription is allowed to begin.
• Unwinding of the DNA Double Helix : To access the template strand, RNA polymerase must first unwind the DNA double helix located at the gene's start site.
• Assembly of the Pre-Initiation Complex : The association of RNA polymerase with many other transcription factors and co-factors results in the formation of a complex called the pre-initiation complex. This complex is necessary for RNA polymerase to be positioned correctly at the start site of the gene and for transcription to begin.
• RNA Synthesis : RNA polymerase initiates the production of RNA by adding ribonucleotides that are complementary to the strand of DNA that serves as the template. The direction in which the RNA molecule is generated, known as the 5' to 3' direction, is called the main transcript.

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Elongation

• Movement of RNA Polymerase : Synthesis of the RNA molecule occurs as RNA polymerase travels along the DNA template it is attached to. The RNA molecule is constructed in the 5' to 3' orientation, with ribonucleotides complementary to the template strand of DNA being added by RNA polymerase.
• Interaction with Transcriptional Regulatory Factors : RNA polymerase interacts with transcriptional regulatory factors, each of which has the potential to affect the pace of transcription and the precise position at which it is terminated. Depending on the signals they get from the surrounding environment of the cell, these factors can either stimulate or inhibit the transcription process.
• Processive Synthesis : RNA polymerase can engage in processive synthesis, which indicates that it can sustain RNA synthesis for lengthy periods of time without being detached from the DNA template. Because of this, the synthesis of RNA from lengthy genes may be carried out in an effective and uninterrupted manner.

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Termination

• Reach of the Termination Site : When RNA polymerase gets to the very end of the gene, it runs across a termination signal, which tells it that the transcription process is now complete. This signal may be a particular DNA sequence or interaction with transcriptional regulatory components.
• Release of the RNA Molecule : RNA polymerase releases the freshly manufactured RNA molecule once it reaches the termination signal. After this step, the RNA molecule can undergo further processing and modification. At this point, it is prepared to be transferred to the cytoplasm to undergo translation.
• Dissociation of RNA Polymerase and Transcriptional Factors : After dissociating from the DNA template, RNA polymerase and other transcriptional components are free to start transcription at another gene.

Discovery of Cells

mRNA Processing

• Splicing: mRNA splicing is a process that involves removing introns from the mRNA molecule that do not code for a protein and joining together exons that do code for a protein. This enables the messenger RNA (mRNA) to transport just the information necessary for the production of a protein, which produces numerous distinct proteins from a single gene. The spliceosome is a complex made up of proteins and RNA that is responsible for carrying out the process of splicing. This complex identifies and removes introns from the mRNA.

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• Capping : In capping mRNA, a modified guanine nucleotide known as the 7- methylguanosine cap is attached to the 5' end of the mRNA molecule. This process is known as "capping." This serves to preserve the mRNA from degradation, which improves its stability as well as the effectiveness of its translation and allows it to attach to the ribosome so that it can be translated.
• Tailing : Tailing refers to adding additional adenosine residues (A's) to the 3' end of the molecule. This takes place after the mRNA molecule has been transcribed and spliced, and it can potentially influence both the mRNA's stability and its translation. A specific form of RNA polymerase, poly (A) polymerase, is responsible for tailing. This process involves the addition of additional adenosine residues to the 3' end of the mRNA. The length of the poly(A) tail can be regulated, and the stability of the mRNA as well as the translation of it, can be affected differently depending on the length of the poly(A) tail.

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Applications of mRNA Transcription

• Gene expression analysis : The study of gene expression patterns and levels in various tissues or circumstances may be accomplished through mRNA transcription, which can provide insights into the cellular processes and disease mechanisms involved.
• RNA interference (RNAi) : Small RNA molecules, as part of the process known as RNA interference (RNAi), seek for and destroy particular mRNA molecules, thereby inhibiting the production of particular genes. This technique may be used in the research and development of new drugs and in the diagnosis and treatment of genetic illnesses.
• Vaccine development : It is possible to employ mRNA transcription to create mRNA that encodes a viral protein, which may subsequently be utilised in manufacturing vaccines. Vaccines against COVID-19 that are based on mRNA have been developed with the help of this.
• Gene therapy : mRNA has the potential to be utilised in the delivery of therapeutic genes to cells, enabling the repair of genetic mutations that are the root cause of illness.

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• Discovery of drugs : The production of proteins for drug screening may be accomplished through mRNA transcription, which paves the way for the discovery of novel medications to cure ailments.

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