West Bengal Board Class 12 Economics Syllabus, 2025-26

Semester III (Class 12) Macroeconomics and Indian Economic Development

This semester builds a foundation in understanding broad economic concepts, focusing on national income, government functions, and development challenges. It helps learners relate textbook knowledge to real-world economic dynamics.

Unit 1: National Income Accounting (8 Marks)

• Concepts: GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP (at market price and factor cost), Real vs. Nominal Income
• Methods: Product Method, Income Method, Expenditure Method (with basic numerical illustrations)
• Concepts of stocks and flows, closed and open economy, transfer payments

Unit 2: Keynesian Model and Government (8 Marks)

• Consumption and saving functions
• Cross-diagram model
• Government budget and types of multipliers: investment, government expenditure, tax multiplier

Unit 3: Balance of Payments and Exchange Rate (4 Marks)

• Understanding balance of trade, current account, and capital account
• Causes and solutions of disequilibrium
• Fixed vs. flexible exchange rates

Unit 4: Indian Economic Development - Colonial Past (4 Marks)

• Brief insight into the colonial economy’s impact on modern development

Unit 5: Evolving Features of Indian Economy (8 Marks)

• Sectoral income distribution
• Employment patterns: pre- and post-liberalization
• India and China: development and human development indicators

Unit 6: Agriculture (8 Marks)

• Green Revolution, land reforms, and rural credit
• Impact of liberalization and globalization
• Food security and Public Distribution System

Also Check: West Bengal Board Class 12 Accountancy Syllabus, 2025-26

Semester IV (Class 12) Macroeconomics and Indian Economic Problems

This semester focuses on key macroeconomic issues and challenges faced by the Indian economy. Students are introduced to practical aspects of inflation, public finance, and inclusive development with real-world examples and policy contexts.

Unit 1: Money, Banking & Inflation (10 Marks)

• Role of central and commercial banks
• Money supply and credit creation
• Inflation types: demand-pull, cost-push, stagflation
• Monetary tools: CRR, SLR, Repo rate, Bank rate

Unit 2: Government Budget and Public Finance (10 Marks)

• Concepts of direct and indirect taxes, GST
• Budget deficits and public debt
• Revenue vs. capital expenditure

Unit 3: Industry (4 Marks)

• Five-year plans and Mahalanobis model
• Industrial policies since 1991
• WTO membership and small industries

Unit 4: Service Sector (8 Marks)

• Growth of IT, financial services, and outsourcing
• Role in economic development post-liberalization

Unit 5: Inclusive Growth (8 Marks)

• Measures of poverty and inequality
• Human development index
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• Government schemes addressing regional inequality

Project Work (20 Marks)

Students are required to undertake a project based on either primary or secondary data. The purpose is to:

• Apply classroom learning in practical settings
• Conduct basic economic research and data analysis
• Present findings using statistical tools and economic principles

Topics include:

• Credit supply to agriculture
• Poverty and inequality studies
• HDI comparison between India and its neighbors

Why the West Bengal Board Class 12 Economics Syllabus, 2025-26 Matters

The West Bengal Board Class 12 Economics Syllabus, 2025-26 goes beyond theoretical frameworks. It encourages students to critically analyze India’s developmental path, understand economic issues, and approach policy decisions with clarity. The structured division across macroeconomics and Indian economic development ensures a balanced focus on both national and global contexts.

Students are encouraged to study the West Bengal Board Class 12 Economics Syllabus, 2025-26 systematically, engage with resources like economic surveys, and enhance their understanding through regular practice and analysis. This syllabus not only prepares them for board exams but also builds a foundation for future academic and professional pursuits in economics.

Stay consistent, stay curious, and explore the fascinating world of economics with the West Bengal Board Class 12 Economics Syllabus, 2025-26.

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