The Characteristics Of Wise Reasoning Reading Answers with IELTS Passage

The Characteristics Of Wise Reasoning Reading Answers: The passage The Characteristics of Wise Reasoning is a typical IELTS Academic Reading text that discusses psychological research. It explores the nature of wisdom, its situational influences, and how third-person perspectives can enhance wise decision-making. The questions test your ability to follow an argument, complete sentences, match headings, and evaluate claims. Practising this passage helps strengthen your critical reading and information-matching skills—both essential for scoring Band 7 or higher in the IELTS Reading section.

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The Characteristics Of Wise Reasoning Reading Answers Passage

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on the Reading Passage below.

How to make wise decisions

Across cultures, wisdom has been considered one of the most revered human qualities. Although the truly wise may seem few and far between, empirical research examining wisdom suggests that it isn’t an exceptional trait possessed by a small handful of bearded philosophers after all – in fact, the latest studies suggest that most of us have the ability to make wise decisions, given the right context.

‘It appears that experiential, situational, and cultural factors are even more powerful in shaping wisdom than previously imagined,’ says Associate Professor Igor Grossmann of the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. ‘Recent empirical findings from cognitive, developmental, social, and personality psychology cumulatively suggest that people’s ability to reason wisely varies dramatically across experiential and situational contexts. Understanding the role of such contextual factors offers unique insights into understanding wisdom in daily life, as well as how it can be enhanced and taught.’

It seems that it’s not so much that some people simply possess wisdom and others lack it, but that our ability to reason wisely depends on a variety of external factors. ‘It is impossible to characterize thought processes attributed to wisdom without considering the role of contextual factors,’ explains Grossmann. ‘In other words, wisdom is not solely an “inner quality” but rather unfolds as a function of situations people happen to be in. Some situations are more likely to promote wisdom than others.’

Coming up with a definition of wisdom is challenging, but Grossmann and his colleagues have identified four key characteristics as part of a framework of wise reasoning. One is intellectual humility or recognition of the limits of our own knowledge, and another is appreciation of perspectives wider than the issue at hand. Sensitivity to the possibility of change in social relations is also key, along with compromise or integration of different attitudes and beliefs.

Grossmann and his colleagues have also found that one of the most reliable ways to support wisdom in our own day-to-day decisions is to look at scenarios from a third-party perspective, as though giving advice to a friend. Research suggests that when adopting a first-person viewpoint we focus on ‘the focal features of the environment’ and when we adopt a third-person, ‘observer’ viewpoint we reason more broadly and focus more on interpersonal and moral ideals such as justice and impartiality. Looking at problems from this more expansive viewpoint appears to foster cognitive processes related to wise decisions.

What are we to do, then, when confronted with situations like a disagreement with a spouse or negotiating a contract at work, that require us to take a personal stake? Grossmann argues that even when we aren’t able to change the situation, we can still evaluate these experiences from different perspectives.

For example, in one experiment that took place during the peak of a recent economic recession, graduating college seniors were asked to reflect on their job prospects. The students were instructed to imagine their career either ‘as if you were a distant observer’ or ‘before your own eyes as if you were right there’. Participants in the group assigned to the ‘distant observer’ role displayed more wisdom-related reasoning (intellectual humility and recognition of change) than did participants in the control group.

In another study, couples in long-term romantic relationships were instructed to visualize an unresolved relationship conflict either through the eyes of an outsider or from their own perspective. Participants then discussed the incident with their partner for 10 minutes, after which they wrote down their thoughts about it. Couples in the ‘other’s eyes’ condition were significantly more likely to rely on wise reasoning – recognizing others’ perspectives and searching for a compromise – compared to the couples in the egocentric condition.

‘Ego-decentering promotes greater focus on others and enables a bigger picture, conceptual view of the experience, affording recognition of intellectual humility and change,’ says Grossmann.

We might associate wisdom with intelligence or particular personality traits, but research shows only a small positive relationship between wise thinking and crystallized intelligence and the personality traits of openness and agreeableness. ‘It is remarkable how much people can vary in their wisdom from one situation to the next, and how much stronger such contextual effects are for understanding the relationship between wise judgment and its social and affective outcomes as compared to the generalized “traits”,’ Grossmann explains. ‘That is, knowing how wisely a person behaves in a given situation is more informative for understanding their emotions or likelihood to forgive [or] retaliate as compared to knowing whether the person may be wise “in general”.’

The Characteristics Of Wise Reasoning Reading Answers Sample Questions

Questions 1–5: Matching Headings
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph (A–E) from the list below.

Headings:
i. Measuring wisdom through external outcomes
ii. How third-person thinking promotes wise reasoning
iii. Challenges in defining wisdom
iv. How situation shapes wisdom
v. Testing observer vs. participant viewpoints
vi. Origins of wise behaviour across history
vii. Psychological traits linked to wisdom

1. Paragraph A

2. Paragraph B

3. Paragraph C

4. Paragraph D

5. Paragraph E

Questions 6–9: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage.

6. Most people are capable of __________ if given the right environment.

7. Grossmann says that wisdom is not purely an __________ quality.

8. One element of wise reasoning is recognising the __________ of your own knowledge.

9. A broader viewpoint increases focus on moral values like __________.

Questions 10–13: True/False/Not Given
10. The experiment with graduating students took place during a financial crisis.
11. Couples who thought from the partner’s viewpoint showed less empathy.
12. Visualising problems through an outsider’s eyes helps promote compromise.
13. Agreeableness and openness are strongly linked to wise decision-making.

Question 14: Multiple Choice
14. According to Grossmann, what gives more insight into a person’s behaviour?
A. Their intelligence score
B. Their general wisdom level
C. Their actions in specific situations
D. Their personality profile

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