CBSE Class 12 Biology Notes Chapter Wise Notes Available Here

Chapter 1: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Structure of Flower: Detailed anatomy including stamens, pistils, sepals, and petals.
• Pollination: Mechanisms (biological and physical) and types (self-pollination, cross-pollination).
• Fertilization: Process from pollen germination to seed formation.
• Seed Development and Fruit Formation: Steps involved from fertilization to seed dispersal.

Chapter 2: Human Reproduction

• Male Reproductive System: Anatomy, sperm production, and function.
• Female Reproductive System: Anatomy, ovulation, and menstruation.
• Fertilization and Pregnancy: Process of conception, stages of fetal development, and childbirth.

Chapter 3: Reproductive Health

• Contraceptive Methods: Various types including barrier, hormonal, and surgical methods.
• Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Types, symptoms, prevention, and treatment.
• Fertility Issues: Causes and treatments of infertility.

Chapter 4: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

• Mendelian Genetics: Laws of inheritance, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
• Genetic Variation: Factors causing variation, including mutations and recombination.

Chapter 5: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

• DNA Structure and Replication: Detailed structure of DNA, replication process.
• Gene Expression: Transcription and translation processes.
• Genetic Code and Mutations: Understanding the genetic code and types of mutations.

Chapter 6: Evolution

• Theory of Evolution: Darwin’s theory, natural selection, and survival of the fittest.
• Evidence for Evolution: Fossil records, comparative anatomy, and molecular evidence.

Chapter 7: Human Health and Disease

• Diseases: Classification into infectious and non-infectious, causes, and prevention.
• Immunity: Types (innate and acquired), and immune responses.
• Health and Disease Management: Lifestyle, nutrition, and preventive measures.

Chapter 8: Microbes in Human Welfare

• Microbes in Agriculture: Role in nitrogen fixation, composting, and pest control.
• Microbes in Industry: Use in fermentation, antibiotics production, and biotechnology.
• Microbes in Medicine: Role in health, production of vaccines, and therapeutic applications.

Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

• Genetic Engineering: Techniques such as recombinant DNA technology and gene cloning.
• Biotechnological Applications: In agriculture (GM crops), medicine (gene therapy), and industry (bioprocessing).

Chapter 10: Biotechnology and Its Applications

• Biotechnology in Medicine: Use in diagnostics, drug development, and genetic disorders.
• Biotechnology in Agriculture: Development of genetically modified crops and pest-resistant plants.
• Biotechnology in Industry: Production of enzymes, biofuels, and other bioproducts.

Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations

• Population Ecology: Population dynamics, growth patterns, and factors affecting population size.
• Community Interactions: Types of interactions (predation, competition, mutualism).

Chapter 12: Ecosystem

• Ecosystem Structure: Components (producers, consumers, decomposers) and their roles.
• Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling: Processes of energy transfer and nutrient recycling in ecosystems.

Chapter 13: Biodiversity and Conservation

• Biodiversity: Definition, types (genetic, species, ecosystem), and importance.
• Conservation: Strategies for preserving biodiversity, including protected areas, and sustainable practices.