UP Board Class 12th Geography Syllabus 2025-26
UP Board Class 12th Geography Syllabus 2025-26 for the written exam is divided into two parts.
Part A: Fundamentals of Human Geography and Part B: India: People and Economy. Both the parts carry 35 marks each, giving a total of 70 marks. The remaining 30 marks are allotted for practical assessment.
It is important for students to understand the syllabus in order to know about the units and chapters to be covered for board exam preparation. Students should also make use of the previous years’ papers and sample papers in order to understand the exam pattern and the concepts which are frequently repeated.
Here is a detailed list of all the chapters and sub-topics included in each part of the syllabus:
Part A – Fundamentals of Human Geography (35 Marks)
UP Board Class 12th Geography Syllabus 2025-26 Part A introduces students to the foundational concepts of human geography, including how human beings interact with their environment. It helps students understand global population patterns, economic activities, and human development. Through these chapters, students can gain perspective on the spatial distribution of various human phenomena across the world.
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UP Board Class 12th Geography Syllabus 2025-26 (Part A)
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Unit
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Chapter Name
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Unit I
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Human Geography – Nature and Scope
– Human geography and the man-environment relationship, human geography – definitions and branches
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Unit II
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World Population – Distribution, Density and Growth
– Factors influencing population distribution, patterns of population distribution, population growth and factors affecting it, population composition, demographic transition theory, and population control measures
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Unit III
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Human Development
– Definition, growth, and dimensions of human development, indicators of human development, human development index
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Unit IV
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Primary Activities
– Types of economic activities: hunting and gathering, pastoralism, agriculture (subsistence, intensive, commercial, plantation), mining and fishing
– Agriculture types and major areas of production, major fishing zones
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Unit V
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Secondary Activities
– Manufacturing types, classification of industries, location factors, industrial regions
– Impact of industries on environment
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Unit VI
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Tertiary and Quaternary Activities
– Services, trade and commerce, transport types and significance, communication and tourism
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Unit VII
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Transport and Communication
– Modes of transport and their importance: roadways, railways, pipelines, waterways, airways
– Means of communication, modern communication methods, cyberspace
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Unit VIII
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International Trade
– History of international trade, international trade types and routes, trade balance, World Trade Organisation (WTO), India’s foreign trade
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UP Board 12 Class Computer Syllabus
Map work for 5 marks will be included in Part A. From Part A, one map-based question related to major political and physical features will be asked. One map-based question from Part B worth 1.5 marks will also be asked.
Note: For visually impaired candidates, five questions will be given in place of map work based on similar content.
Part B – India: People and Economy (35 Marks)
UP Board Class 12th Geography Syllabus 2025-26 Part B focuses specifically on India, helping students explore population distribution, migration patterns, types of human settlements, resources, and economic development within the country. This will help students get an in-depth understanding of how geography impacts the people and economy of India.
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UP Board Class 12th Geography Syllabus 2025-26 Part B
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Unit
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Chapter Name
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Unit I
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Population – Distribution, Density, Growth, and Composition
– Population distribution, growth and density in India, linguistic, religious, and occupational composition
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Unit II
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Migration
– Types, causes, and consequences of migration, rural-urban migration, inter-state and international migration
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Unit III
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Human Settlements
– Types and distribution of rural and urban settlements, classification of towns, development of urban settlements
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Unit IV
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Resources and Development
– Land resources, land use types, land degradation, water resources (utilization and conservation), natural vegetation, soil resources, forest and wildlife resources
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Unit V
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Agricultural Activities
– Types of farming in India, major crops, cropping patterns, productivity, agricultural development and policies
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Unit VI
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Industries
– Industrial regions, industrial development and its impact, classification of industries in India
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Unit VII
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Planning and Sustainable Development in India
– Planning types, regional development, development policies and programmes, environmental conservation and sustainable development
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Unit VIII
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Transport and Communication
– Transport infrastructure in India – roadways, railways, waterways, airways, pipelines
– Communication types: personal, mass, and digital communication
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Unit IX
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International Trade and Trade Development
– India's trade direction and composition, recent changes and major trade partners
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Unit X
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Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems
– Environmental pollution, urban waste disposal, rural-urban migration and challenges, disaster management, health indicators and problems
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Map work for 5 marks will be included in Part B. From Part B, one map-based question related to India’s major features will be asked. One map-based question from Part A worth 1.5 marks will also be asked.
Note: Visually impaired candidates will receive five written questions instead of map work.
UP Board Class 12th Biology Syllabus
UP Board Class 12th Geography Syllabus 2025-26 Practical Assessment
In UP Board Class 12th Geography Syllabus 2025-26, a Section C is given which is dedicated to ‘Practical Assessment’. This section carries 30 marks out of 100 marks, allowing students to go beyond textbook learning and actually work with maps, data, and real-world examples.
It involves collecting information, presenting it through different types of diagrams, and understanding topographical maps. Students also have to maintain a practical file, which reflects their hands-on work throughout the year. Overall, this section helps in building observation, interpretation, and presentation skills. Here are the chapter names and their practical assessment:
Chapter 1: Data Source and Data Collection
– Types and sources of data, census, surveys, field visits, observation
Chapter 2: Data Representation
– Types of diagrams: bar, pie, line, etc.
Chapter 3: Map-based Statistical Diagram Representation (Topographical Maps)
– Analysis of topographical maps, location identification, slope, drainage pattern, land use.
Chapter 4: Practical File Preparation
– Preparation of a practical record book, field study report, chart making, presentation of survey data.
Here is the marking scheme for the UP Board Class 12th Geography Syllabus 2025-26 Practical assessment:
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UP Board Class 12th Geography Syllabus 2025-26 Practical assessment
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Component
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Marks
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External Assessment
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15 Marks
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– Written Exam (4 out of 6 questions)
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10 Marks
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– Oral/Viva, Practical File/Chart
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5 Marks
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Internal Assessment
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15 Marks
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– Practical File / Chart
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5 Marks
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– Lab Activity File and Viva
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10 Marks
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Total
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30 Marks
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UP Board Class 12th Physics Syllabus
Preparation Tips for UP Board Class 12th Geography Syllabus 2026
Students must follow a structured study plan and some UP Board 12th Exam Preparation tips to prepare for the board exams. Here are some preparation tips you can follow:
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The first step towards a focused preparation is to go through the complete syllabus and understand how marks are distributed across Part A (Human Geography), Part B (India: People and Economy), and Part C (Practical Work). Give more time to high-weightage units like Population, Agriculture, and Industries while still covering smaller ones.
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Geography focuses on both theoretical concepts and practical knowledge. While reading, create chapter-wise short notes. Note key terms, concepts, and case studies. For topics like transport, trade, and resources, practice drawing labelled diagrams.
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Maps carry 5 marks in both parts A and B. So, practice locating rivers, mountain ranges, industrial zones, and crop-producing areas on outline maps of India and the world. Regular map practice will help you attempt these questions quickly and accurately during the exam.
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Part C includes practical work like chart-making, data representation, and interpreting topographical maps. Complete your practical file neatly and keep updating it. Pay attention during lab sessions and revise how to draw bar graphs, pie charts, and read contour lines, as these form the core of your practical assessment.
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Solve last 5 years’ UP Board Geography papers and sample questions as this will help you understand the question pattern and time management. While answering, always underline key points, use subheadings, and draw diagrams or maps wherever possible.
