UP Board Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025-26

Part A: Microeconomics Syllabus Topics

Microeconomics is focused on individual economic units like consumers, firms, and markets. The key topics include:

1. Introduction to Economics

• Meaning of economics and its branches
• Basic problems of the economy
• Central economic problems and methods of solving them

2. Consumer Behaviour and Demand

• Meaning and types of utility
• Law of diminishing marginal utility
• Consumer equilibrium using utility analysis
• Demand, demand schedule, demand curve
• Determinants of demand
• Price elasticity of demand

3. Producer Behaviour and Supply

• Meaning of production and factors of production
• Laws of production: Returns to a factor and returns to scale
• Cost and revenue concepts
• Producer’s equilibrium
• Supply and its determinants
• Price elasticity of supply

4. Forms of Market and Price Determination

• Market types: Perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly
• Price determination under perfect competition
• Market equilibrium through demand and supply

Part B: Macroeconomics Syllabus Topics

Macroeconomics focuses on the economy as a whole. It includes national income, monetary systems, employment, and public finance. The key chapters are:

5. National Income and Related Aggregates

• Concepts: GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP
• Methods of measuring national income
• Value added method, income method, and expenditure method

6. Money and Banking

• Meaning and functions of money
• Role of commercial banks
• Functions of the Reserve Bank of India
• Credit creation and monetary tools

7. Determination of Income and Employment

• Aggregate demand and aggregate supply
• Propensity to consume and save
• Investment multiplier and its working
• Equilibrium level of income
• Full employment and involuntary unemployment

8. Government Budget and Economy

• Government budget: Meaning, objectives, and components
• Classification of receipts and expenditure
• Budget deficit and its types
• Fiscal discipline and management

9. Balance of Payments

• Balance of payments account: Structure and components
• Difference between balance of trade and balance of payments
  Foreign exchange rate system
• Managed floating and fixed exchange rate

Key Highlights of the Updated Syllabus

• Focus on practical learning and current economic trends
• Clear division between micro and macroeconomic concepts
• Enhanced emphasis on budgeting, employment, and financial systems
• Aligns with NEP 2020 goals, supporting analytical and decision-making abilities

This structured syllabus provides students with a comprehensive understanding of economics as a discipline, helping them interpret economic activities in both local and global contexts.

The UP Board Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025-26 is designed to help students build a strong base in understanding micro and macroeconomic frameworks. The logical flow of topics and well-distributed marks allow for better preparation and conceptual clarity.

Students are encouraged to follow a planned approach, revise regularly, and refer to recommended textbooks to enhance their preparation. Practicing previous year question papers and mock tests will further boost confidence.

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