Budding

Jun 22, 2023, 16:45 IST

In a type of asexual reproduction called budding or blastogenesis, cell division at one specific place results in the development of a new creature from an outgrowth or bud. A bud, for instance, is the tiny, bulbous outgrowth that emerges from the yeast cell. The freshly produced creature is a clone and, except for mutations, is genetically identical to the parent organism because the reproduction is asexual. Regenerative cells are used for reproduction in the budding process by organisms like the hydra. Let us discuss the process and types of budding in detail.

Definition

• Asexual reproduction known as "budding" occurs when an organism's protuberance or bud develops into a new progeny. In this type of reproduction, the bud that was created in the parent organism either separates to create a new individual or clings on to create groups or colonies. Due to the nature of asexual reproduction, the children produced by it are physically and genetically identical to their parents. However, in other species, it can develop from any portion of the parent's body. It generally happens at a particular location of the parents’ body. It is also referred to as Gemmation. Both unicellular and multicellular creatures can go through gemmation. This is how organisms such as certain bacteria, yeast, hydra, flatworms, jellyfish, etc. reproduce.

Examples

Development in Animals

• Although it is frequently found in bacteria and yeast, it is also present in some vertebrates.
• The parent organism creates a bud during this process, which grows to become a new individual. Animals that reproduce in this way include flatworms, jellyfish polyps, sea anemone polyps, and others.

New growth in Plants

• It is a type of vegetative reproduction as well. In horticulture and agriculture, this can happen organically or be created artificially. The two plants grow together as one bud from one graft onto the other during this process. Typically, the buds of one plant grow into the stem's bark of another.
• The term used to describe the young gametophyte is protonema.

Budding in Yeast

• The single-celled eukaryotic microbe yeast reproduces through budding.
• It typically happens in nutrient-rich environments. In this method of reproduction, the mother cell's cell wall develops a squashy zone where buds protrude.
• During this time, the mother cell's nucleus divides by mitosis to produce daughter nuclei, one of which will develop into a bud.
• The freshly created bud and the mother cell body then become constricted. To create a new individual, the newly generated buds expand and separate from the mother cell.

Types of budding

T or Shield Budding

A method of budding whereby incisions are created in the rootstock's bark in the shape of a letter "T," with one cut being horizontal and the other coming from the center of the first cut.

• The preparation of a bud piece or shield piece with a bud involves making an upward cut through a thin layer of wood that starts around 1.25 cm (12 in) below the bud.
• The shield piece is then removed from the bud stick by making a horizontal incision about 2 cm (34 in) above the bud.
• This piece of bark is shaped like an old, long shield with a horizontal top and a curved lower end.
• The shield piece is typically put into the T-cut from the horizontal cut down with the small piece of wood connected.

Patch Budding

Due to how simple it is to remove or prepare rectangular sections of bark, this method of budding is probably the easiest to carry out among the others.

• In plants with thick bark that can be easily separated from wood, it is extensively employed.
• Using this technique, a rectangular area of bark is completely removed, with the longer sides running parallel to the axis of the rootstock's stem.
• A bud patch the size of a bud stick is then used in its place.
• Two parallel horizontal cuts, made with either one stroke of a double-bladed knife or two strokes of a single-bladed knife, are used to separate the bud patch from both the rootstock and the bud stick.
• Both horizontal slices are joined to each side with a vertical knife motion. The Bud patch is then inserted into the rootstock.
• The I-, Forkert, Flute, and Ring budding techniques are regarded as modified varieties of patch budding and share characteristics.

I-Budding

A budding technique in which the rootstock's bark is cut once vertically and again horizontally to create incisions in the shape of the letter "I" (capital "I").

The next step involves inserting a rectangular bud patch, much like the patch budding.

Forkert Budding

In this budding technique,

• A flap is created by making ‘Π’ shaped cuts in the rootstock's bark and pulling it downward; this flap is then utilized to cover the inserted bud patch.
• Later, the bud is revealed by removing this cover.
• The preparation of a bud patch is the same for the Patch and Forkert ways of budding.

Reproduction through budding

Colony separation

Some bee species, including Apis dorsata, have colonies that display budding behavior. Although this bee species rarely exhibits budding behavior, it has been noted when a group of workers leave the natal nest and build a second nest, typically close to the natal one.

Cellular Reproduction

The yeast species used in baking and brewing, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is one example of a cell that divides asymmetrically by budding. A larger "mother" cell and a smaller "daughter" cell are the products of this procedure. Recently, it was discovered via cryo-electron tomography that cells' mitochondria divide by budding.

Animal Reproduction

The progeny of several multicellular organisms may sprout from the mother. Corals, a few types of sponges, some acoels (like Convolutriloba), and echinoderm larvae are examples of animals that reproduce by budding.

Virology

The process of enveloped viruses acquiring their exterior envelope from the host cell membrane, which bulges outward and encloses the virion, is known as budding in the field of virology.

Plant reproduction

Budding is the process of grafting the bud of one plant onto another in horticulture and agriculture.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Budding

Q1. Does Budding occur in Unicellular organisms?

Ans. Yes, some Unicellular organisms like yeasts, bacteria, and certain protozoa can undergo budding to reproduce asexually.

Q2. Does Budding take palace in multicellular organisms?

Ans. Yes, many multicellular organisms including plants, and animals like Cinidaria and Hydra undergo asexual reproduction through Budding.

Q3. Is Budding Sexual or Asexual a method of reproduction?

Ans. Budding is an asexual method of reproduction because in this process no male or female gametes are involved. An outgrowth from the parent body directly develops into a new daughter organism.

Q4. What is a common example of budding?

Ans. In many plants, small bulb-like projections arise for the axial terminals called buds which eventually separate from the parent body, get implanted in the soil, develop new root and shoot systems and give rise to a completely new plant.