Control And Coordination - Overview

Aug 06, 2023, 16:45 IST

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Control and coordination will be discussed in this article. The neurological and endocrine systems, which create and secrete hormones, are responsible for human control and coordination. The eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin are the body's five sense organs, and together they are referred to as receptors since they collect information from the environment. So, both human and animal reflexes and coordination depend on the sense organs, the nervous system, and hormones.

Introduction

Humans can control and organize their activities through their neural systems. The nervous system controls several physical processes, such as sleeping, touching things, and changing one's route while driving in response to other cars honking. Animals also go through the same scenario. Humans and animals both possess the same degrees of coordination and control. The nervous system helps to control and synchronize the body's numerous functions. Visceral nerves, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves are the three different categories of neurological systems found in human bodies. All of these allow the body to send and receive signals.

What are Control and Coordination?

The eyes, nose, tongue, and skin are the body's five receptors, or sense organs, for humans. In other words, control and coordination in humans are handled by the brain and endocrine systems, which manage hormones. A receptor is a set of cells that operate as an organ's sensitive response to a particular activity or form of communication, such as heat, sound, or light. All receptors interact with our body's systems by transmitting electrical impulses to the spinal cord and brain via sensory nerves. Then, effectors in the brain and spinal cord, and motor nerves communicate a response. The effectors in this case are glands and muscles.

How do Organisms Control and Coordinate?

Organisms move from one place to another in response to a variety of stimuli, including nutrition, food, water, heat, and other factors. All body activities in animals are tightly controlled and coordinated by the neurological and endocrine systems. Hormones are the primary element of the endocrine system. Chemical messengers are another name for them. The endocrine glands generate and secrete hormones. The nervous system relies on hormones to carry out a variety of functions throughout the body.

What is a Nervous System?

• The nervous systems of animals are immensely complex control mechanisms. Actions are coordinated, and sensory information is sent and received to and from numerous physiological regions.
• The neuron is the structural and functional center of the entire system.
• The capacity of an organism to move a certain physical component is known as a movement. An organism can move its complete body from one place to another through a process called locomotion. The organisms respond to outside stimuli by moving.

Types of Nervous System

Vertebrates have a unique nervous system split into two parts:

• Central Nervous System (CNS): The spinal cord and brain make up the CNS. A variety of sensory emotions are experienced in this area. This system provides thoughts and feelings to people, which helps them develop memories. It takes data when the body is moving in time with the action. In addition to sensory emotions, it also regulates our breathing and heart rate.
• Peripheral Nervous System: The Peripheral Nervous System includes anything that is not the brain or spinal cord. It protects the spinal cord's descending nerves. PNS serves as a messenger between the brain and various bodily components. The sensory organs are connected via peripheral nerves, which are found in this PNS.

Organs of the Human Nervous System

Organs in the human nervous system include the following:

• Brain: The brain is the primary neurological system in the body that controls how people behave. It accepts messages from sensory organs and transmits them back. Three sections make up the brain:
  • Forebrain: The forebrain plays a crucial role in the general control and coordination of the brain's cognitive and voluntary functions.
  • Midbrain: The midbrain transmits impulses from the forebrain and the hindbrain.
  • Hindbrain: The hindbrain coordinates heart rate, blood pressure, and other bodily functions.
• Spinal Cord: The spinal cord is a large nerve that runs along the backbone's hollow space. The brain is attached to its higher end. It transmits information obtained from the sense organs to the brain, controlling all bodily activities. It is linked to every part of the body by nerves.
• Nerves: All body areas are connected by nerves to the brain and spinal cord. Human bodies include three different types of nerves:
  • Cranial Nerves: All head areas are connected to the brain by cranial nerves.
  • Spinal Nerves: All bodily parts are connected to the spinal cord through spinal nerves.
  • Visceral Nerves: The spinal cord and the internal organs are connected via visceral nerves.

Functions of the Nervous System

The nervous system performs the following tasks:

• To offer information about the body's internal and exterior environments.
• Controlling and coordinating the body's voluntary and involuntary functions.
• To assimilate experiences such as memory, learning, and intelligence.

Hormones in Animals

Animals are more complex than plants. They have a variety of specialized organs that carry out particular tasks for control and coordination. Animal coordination results from chemical coordination and the neurological system (Endocrine System). In animals, both of these systems work together to regulate a variety of body functions. The endocrine system is made up of numerous endocrine glands and hormones. Endocrine glands in animals aid in the coordination of chemicals. They secrete chemicals called hormones. They are special messengers controlling various physiological processes, including appetite, body temperature, mood, growth and development, metabolism, and reproductive functions. Because they lack a duct, endocrine glands are sometimes referred to as ductless glands.

• Endocrine System

The term "endocrine gland" refers to a ductless gland that makes up the endocrine system. The products are directly injected into the body's bloodstream by this gland. Endocrine glands also create the proteins-based hormones that the body releases. Endocrine gland hormones help the body's coordination and control mechanisms. They are crucial for the control and coordination of particular bodily parts.

• Hormones

Hormones are the chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands and secreted in minute amounts by specialized cells known as ductless glands. Hormones work on tissues or organs far from where they are released. With the chemical substances known as hormones, endocrine systems help regulate and coordinate.

Like the adrenal gland, the endocrine gland is a ductless gland that releases hormones straight into circulation. The following list of well-known endocrine glands includes their names, locations, hormones they produce, and functions:

• Pituitary gland: This gland, found near the base of the brain, is also referred to as the master gland. Growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and follicle-stimulating hormone are among the hormones produced (FSH). Its primary purposes are to increase growth, follicular development during ovulation, and thyroid gland activity.
• Thyroid gland: The thyroid is a gland that is found in the neck. It generated the thyroxine hormone. The thyroid gland's main job is to regulate the body's general metabolism and growth.
• Adrenal gland: The adrenal gland is placed above the kidneys. The hormone adrenaline is generated. Its purpose is to get the body ready for life-or-death situations.

Reflex Action and Reflex Arcs

Reflex action is the body's involuntary response to the stimuli brought on by the reaction. The path taken by the electrical impulse created during the reflex action is referred to as the reflex arc. This is where the impulse that leaves any receptor organ and travels to the brain or spinal cord is processed. This information is returned to the concerned origin (muscle) to perform the required action. As a result, the reflex arc is made up of the receptor organ, sensory neuron, interneuron, effector organ, and efferent neurons.

Plant Hormones

Hormones in plants are responsible for coordination and regulation. The main plant hormones are auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, gibberellins, etc. Plant hormones regulate various processes, including growth, cell division, seed germination, plant development, and mobility.

Types of Plant Hormones

• Auxin: Auxin means "to have the capacity to expand." They are commonly employed in horticulture and agricultural practices. They initially appear in the rising apices of roots and stems before spreading to other areas of the plant.
• Gibberellins: More than one hundred (100) Gibberellins have been identified (GA1, GA2, GA3..). They are reported to be acidic in nature. The majority of these hormones are found in higher plants and fungi.
• Cytokinins: A crucial part of the cytokinesis mechanism is played by cytokinins. Cytokinins are produced naturally in plants where fast cell division takes place, such as in the apices of roots, shoot buds, immature fruits, etc. Basipetal and polar movement can be seen in cytokinins.
• Abscisic Acid: Inhibiting plant growth is one of the functions of this hormone. GAs is challenged by ABAs. It stops plant metabolism and regulates dormancy and abscission. It is frequently referred to as a "stress hormone" since it increases plant tolerance.
• Ethylene: Ethylene has growth-promoting and inhibiting properties. It appears as a gaseous substance. Ethylene is synthesized in tissues that are aging and in fruit that is maturing. One of the hormones that are most frequently utilized in agriculture, this hormone regulates a number of physiological processes.

Control And Coordination: FAQs

Q1. How do animal control and human coordination compare?

Ans. Animals and humans both have equal levels of control and coordination. The nervous system aids in regulating and coordinating the body's various functions. Human bodies have three different types of neurological systems: visceral nerves, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves. The human body uses all of these to transmit and receive messages.

Q2. What is coordination, and how does it function?

Ans. When two or more organs work together and complement one another's tasks, this is called coordination. The brain and endocrine systems collaborate and regulate the body's physiological processes. The brain system offers a well-organized network of point-to-point connections for fast coordination.

Q3. How does the coordination principle work?

Ans. Smooth interplay is made possible through coordination. This conflicts between the forces and responsibilities of various organizational constituent pieces. It seeks to minimize conflict while maximizing collaborative effectiveness.

Q4. What do coordination skills necessarily involve?

Ans. The ability to simultaneously organize and carry out various activities, actions, and plans is referred to as coordination. They concentrate on how well you can use your attention to detail while considering how little aspects fit into a broader endeavor.

Q5. What are the different kinds of control and coordination?

Ans. There are two kinds of coordination: nerve and hormonal. Animals' hormones and neurons (the anatomical and functional unit of the nervous system) work together to control and coordinate a variety of critical functions. Plants can only coordinate chemically (through phytohormones).

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