• Sets and their represention
• Union
• Intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties
• Power set
• Relation
• Types of relations
• Equivalence relations
• Functions
• One-one, into and onto functions
• Composition of functions

• Complex numbers as ordered pairs or reals
• Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib and their representation in a plane
• Argand diagram
• Algebra of complex numbers
• Modulus and argument of a complex number
• Square root of a complex number
• Triangle inequality
• Quadratic equation in real and complex number system and their solutions
• Relation between roots and co-efficients
• Nature of roots
• Formation of quadratic equations with given roots

• Matrices
• Algebra of matrices
• Types of matrices
• Determinants and matrices of order two and three
• Properties of determinants
• Evaluation of determinants
• Area of triangles using determinants
• Adjoint and evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and elementary transformations
• Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using determinants and matrices

• Permutation as an arrangement and combination as selection
• Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r). simple applications

• Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications.

• Binomial theorem for a positive integral index
• General term and middle term
• Properties of Binomial coefficients and simple applications

• Arithmetic and Geometric progressions
• Insertion of arithmetic, geometric means berween two given numbers
• Relation between A.M. and G.M. Sum upto n terms of special series Sn, Sn2, Sn3
• Arithmetico-Geometric progression

• Real
• Valued functions
• Algebra of functions
• Polynomial functions
• Rational Functions
• Trigonometric Functions
• Logarithmic and expotentials functions
• Inverse functions
• Graphs of simple functions
• Limits, continuity and differentiability
• Differentiation or the sum and difference
• Product and quotient of two functions
• Difftrentiation of trigonometric
• Inverse trigonometric
• Logarithmic exponential
• Composite and implicit functions
• Derivatives of order upto two
• Rolle's and Lagrange's Mean value Theorems
• Applications of derivatives
• Rate of change of quantities
• Monotonic - increasing and decreasing functions
• Maxima and minima of functions of one variable
• Tangents and normals

• Integral as an anti -derivative
• Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric , Exponential and logarithmic functions
• Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions
• Integration using trigonometric identities
• Integral as limit or a sum
• Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
• Properties of definite integrals
• Evaluation of definite integrals
• determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form

• Ordinary differential equations and their order and degree
• Formation of differential equations
• Solution of differential equations by the method of seperations of variables
• Solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations

• Cartesian system of rectangular co-ordinates 10 in a plane
• Distance formula
• Section formula
• Locus and its equation
• Translation of axes
• Slope of a line
• Parallel and perpendicular lines
• Intercepts of a line on the coordinate axes
• Various forms of equations of a straight line
• Intersection of lines
• Angles between two lines
• Conditions for concurmence of three lines
• Distance of a point from a line
• Equations of internal and external bisectors of angles between two lines
• Coordinates of centroid
• Orthocentre and circumcentre or a triangle
• Equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines
• Standard form of equation of a circle
• General form of the equation or a circle, its radius and centre
• Equation of a circle when the end points of a diameter are given
• Points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre a the origin and condirion for a line to be tangent to a circle
• Equation of the tangent
• Sections of cones
• Equation of Conic Sections in standard forms
• Condition for y = mx + c to be a tangent and point (s) of tangency

• Coordinates of a point in space
• Distance between two points
• Section formula
• Direction ratios and direction cosines
• Angle between two intersecting lines
• Skew lines and the shortest distance bctween them and its equation
• Equations of a line and a plane in different forms
• Intersection of a line and a plane
• Coplanar lines

• Vectors and scalars
• Addition of vectors
• Components of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional space
• Scalar and vector products
• Scalar and vector triple product

• Measures of Dispersion
• Calculation of mean and median
• Mode of grouped and ungrouped data calculation of standard deviation
• Variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data
• Probability of an event
• Addition and multiplication theorems or probability
• Baye's theorem
• Probability distribution of a random variate
• Bermoulli trials and Binomial distribution

• Trigonometrical identities and equations
• Trigonometrical functions
• Inverse trigonometrical functions and their properties
• Heights and Distances

• Statements
• Logical operations and, or, implies, implied by, if and only if
• Understanding ot tautology
• Contradiction
• Converse and contrapositive

• Physics, technology, and society, S I Units, fundamental and derived units, least count,
• accuracy and precision of measuring instruments, Errors in measurement,
• Dimensions of Physics quantities, dimensional analysis, and its applications.

2

• The frame of reference, motion in a straight line, Position- time graph, speed and velocity (Uniform and non-uniform motion),
• average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graph,
• relations for uniformly accelerated motion, Scalar and Vector quantity,
• Vector. Addition and subtraction, zero vector, scalar and vector products, Unit Vector,
• Resolution of a Vector. Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion.

3

• Force and inertia, Newton's First law of motion; Momentum,
• Newton's Second Law of motion, Newton's Third Law of motion, Impulse, Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications.
• Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and Kinetic friction,
• laws of friction, rolling friction. Circular motion, centripetal force and its applications.

4

• Work done by a content force and a variable force,
• kinetic and potential energy, work-energy theorem, power,
• The potential energy of spring, conservation of mechanical energy,
• conservative and non conservative forces, Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

• The universal law of gravitation, Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth.
• Kepler's law of planetary motion, Gravitational potential energy( gravitational potential)l,
• Escape velocity, Orbital velocity of a satellite. Geostationary satellites

• Center of the mass of a two-particle system, Center of the mass of a rigid body,Basic concepts of rotational motion(a moment of a force),
• torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications(the moment of inertia),
• the radius of gyration, Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects,
• parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications, Rigid body rotation equations of rotational motion.

• Center of the mass of a two-particle system, Center of the mass of a rigid body, Basic concepts of rotational motion(a moment of a force), torque,
• angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications(the moment of inertia), the radius of gyration,
• Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications,
• Rigid body rotation equations of rotational motion. Elastic behavior, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law,
• Young's modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity, Pressure due to a fluid column, Pascal's law and its applications,
• Viscosity, Stokes' law, Terminal velocity, streamline, and turbulent flow, Reynolds number,
• Bernoulli's principle and its applications, Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact,
• application of surface tension( drops, bubbles, and capillary rise), Heat and temperature, thermal expansion,
• specific heat capacity, calorimeter, change of state, latent heat, Heat transfer-conduction, convection,
• and radiation. Newton's law of cooling.

• Thermal equilibrium, Zeroth law of thermodynamics,
• the concept of temperature, Heat, work, and internal energy.
• The first law of thermodynamics, The second law of thermodynamics
• , reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot engine and its efficiency

• Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas,
• Kinetic theory of gasses - assumptions, the concept of pressure, Kinetic energy and temperature RMS speed of gas molecules:
• Degrees of freedom, applications to specific heat capacities of gasses, Mean free path, Avogadro's number

• Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time,
• Periodic functions, Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation, phase oscillations of a spring restoring force and force constant,
• energy in S.H.M. - Kinetic and potential energies, Simple pendulum derivation of expression for its time period, Free,
• forced and damped oscillations, Resonance, Wave motion, Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of a wave.
• Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, a reflection of waves.
• Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics. Beats, Doppler Effect in sound

• Electric charges: Conservation of charge. Coulomb's law, forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges:
• superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field (Electric field due to a point charge), Electric field lines, Electric dipole,
• Electric field due to a dipole, Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field, Electric flux, Gauss's law and its applications
• To find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin spherical shell,
• Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges,
• Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges in an electrostatic field,
• Conductors and insulators, Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitor, the combination of capacitors in series and parallel,
• capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, Energy stored in a capacitor.

• Electric current, Drift velocity, Ohm's resistance, Resistances of different characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
• Electrical energy and power, Electrical resistivity, Color code for resistors Series and parallel combinations of resistors;
• Temperature dependence of resistance, Electric Cell and its Internal resistance, potential difference and the emf of a cell,
• a combination of cells in series and parallel, Kirchhoff's laws and their applications,
• Wheatstone bridge, Meter Bridge, Potentiometer - principle and its applications.

• Biot - Savart law and its application to the current carrying circular loop,
• Ampere's law and its applications, to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid,
• Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields, Cyclotron,
• Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, force between two parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field:
• Moving coil galvanometer and its current sensitivity, conversion to ammeter and voltmeter,
• Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment, Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid,
• magnetic field lines, Earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements, Paramagnetic, diamagnetic and ferromagnetic substances.
• Magnetic susceptibility and permeability, Hysteresis, Electromagnets and permanent magnets.

• Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves,
• Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible,
• ultraviolet. X-rays, Gamma rays), Applications of electromagnetic waves.

• Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula,
• Total internal reflection and its applications, Deviation and Dispersion of light by a prism, Lens Formula,
• Magnification and Power of a Lens, Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their magnifying powers,
• Wave optics, wavefront and Huygens' principle, Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle,
• Interference, Young's double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources, and sustained interference of light,
• Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum, Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes,
• Polarization, plane polarized light: Brewster's law, uses of plane polarized light and Polaroid

• Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations,
• Einstein's photoelectric equation: particle nature of light, Matter waves-wave nature of particle,
• de Broglie relation. DavissonGermer experiment

• Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model, Bohr model, energy levels,
• hydrogen spectrum, Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars: isotones.
• Radioactivity Alpha, beta and gamma particles and their properties, radioactive decay law,
• Mass-energy relation, mass defect, binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission, and fusion.

• Semiconductors; semiconductor diode, I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias,
• diode as a rectifier I-V characteristics of LED, the photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode;
• Zener diode as a voltage regulator, Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor:
• transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR).
• Transistor as a switch.

• Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, Sky and space wave propagation,
• Need for modulation, Amplitude and Frequency Modulation, Bandwidth of signals, the bandwidth of
• Transmission medium, Basic Elements of a Communication System (Block Diagram only)
• Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere; Sky and space wave propagation,
• Need for modulation, Amplitude and Frequency Modulation, Bandwidth of signals,
• the bandwidth of Transmission medium, Basic Elements of a Communication System (Block Diagram only)

• Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory: Concept of atom, molecule, elements and compound,
• Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, Precision and accuracy, significant figures and S.I.Units
• dimensional analysis: Laws of chemical combination, Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept,
• molar mass, empirical and molecular formulae, Chemical equations and stoichiometry

Topics are classified in three parts

• Solid Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea),

             Bragg's Law and its applications, Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids,voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, an imperfection in solids, Electrical and magnetic properties

• Liquid Properties of liquids-vapor pressure, viscosity and surface tension, effect of temperature on them
• Gaseous Measurable properties of gasses: Gas laws - Boyle's law, Charle's law, Graham's law of diffusion, Avogadro's law,

            Dalton's law of partial pressure, Concept of Absolute scale of temperature, Ideal gas equation, Kinetic theory of gasses,

            Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities, Real gasses, deviation from Ideal behavior,

            compressibility factor, and van der Waals equation

• Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations, Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect;
• Spectrum of the hydrogen atom, Bohr model of a hydrogen atom and its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits,
• limitations of Bohr's model, Dual nature of matter, De Broglie's relationship. Heisenberg uncertainty principle,
• Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom and its important features,
• Concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions, variations in various quantum numbers and their significance,shapes of s, p, and d - orbitals,
• electron spin and spin quantum number, Rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle. Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule,
• electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals

• Kosse and Lewis approach chemical bond formation, ionic and covalent bonds, Ionic Bonding, formation of ionic bonds,
• factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds, calculation of lattice enthalpy, Covalent Bonding, Concept of electronegativity,
• Fajan's rule, dipole moment, Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR ) theory and shapes of simple molecules,
• Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding, Valence bond theory and its important features,
• the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; Resonance
• Molecular orbital theory types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds,
• molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy.

First law of thermodynamics

• Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity,
• Hess's law of constant heat summation, Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization,
• sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization, and solution. Second law of thermodynamics:-
• Spontaneity of processes; ΔS of the universe and ΔG of the system as criteria for
• spontaneity. G0 (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.

• Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution (molality, molarity, mole fraction,
• percentage) by volume and mass both, the vapor pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law :Ideal and non-ideal solutions,
• vapor pressure: composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions, Colligative properties of dilute solutions a relative
• lowering of vapor pressure, depression of freezing point, the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure,
• Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties, Abnormal value of molar mass, van't Hoff factor and its significance

• Equilibrium in physical process solid-liquid, liquid-gas and solid-gas equilibria, Henry's law, General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.
• Equilibrium in chemical process Concept of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, the significance of G and t.G0 in chemical equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of catalyst, Le Chatelier's principle
• Ionic equilibrium Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Bronsted and and lowry) their ionization, acid-base equilibria and ionization constants, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions

• Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number,
• balancing of redox reactions, Electrolytic and metallic conduction,conductance in electrolytic solutions,
• molar conductivities and their variation with concentration- Kohlrausch's law and its applications. Electrochemical cells,
• Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential,
• half cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement, Nernst equation and its applications,
• Relation between cell potential and Gibbs' energy change, Dry cell and lead accumulator, Fuel cells

• Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions- concentration, temperature,
• pressure and catalyst, elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units,
• differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions,
• Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation)

• Physisorption, chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gasses in solids
• Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions. Catalysis- Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts,
• enzyme catalysis, and its mechanism Distinction among true solutions, colloids, and suspensions, classification of colloids- lyophilic.
• lyophobic, multi-molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids, preparation and properties of colloids,
• Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation, and flocculation, Emulsions and their characteristics.

• Purification Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography principles and their applications
• Qualitative analysis Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens.
• Quantitative analysis Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus,

            Calculations of empirical formula and molecular formulae, Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis.

• Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules, hybridization (s and p),
• Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur, Homologous series, Isomerism structural and stereoisomerism.
• Nomenclature Covalent bond fission- Homolytic and heterolytic, free radicals, carbocations, and carbanions, stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles, and nucleophilesInductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, and hyperconjugation, Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement.

nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions

• Alkanes Conformations- Sawhorse and Newman projections of ethane, Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes
• Alkenes Geometrical isomerism, Mechanism of electrophilic addition- addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect), Ozonolysis and polymerization
• Alkynes Acidic character, Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides, Polymerization
• Aromatic hydrocarbons Nomenclature, benzene: structure and aromaticity, Mechanism of electrophilic substitution, halogenation, nitration Friedel - Crafts, alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in monosubstituted benzene

• General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions, Nature of C-X bond,
• Mechanisms of substitution reactions, Uses, Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons, and DDT

• Alcohols Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration
• Phenols Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and sulphonation. Reimer - Tiemann reaction
• Ethers Structure
• Aldehyde and ketones Nature of carbonyl group, Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities ofaldehydes and ketones, Important reactions such as Nucleophilic addition reactions, Grignard reagent, oxidation, reduction ,the acidity of hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction. Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones
• Carboxylic acid Acidic strength and factor affecting it.

• General methods of preparation, Properties, reactions, and their uses
• Amine

         Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character, Importance in synthetic organic chemistry

• General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization,
• Addition and condensation, copolymerization, Natural and synthetic, rubber and vulcanization,
• some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses, polythene, nylon, polyester and bakelite

• General introduction and importance of biomolecules,
• CARBOHYDRATES Classification, aldoses and ketoses, monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides ( sucrose, lactose, and maltose),
• PROTEINS Elementary Idea of a-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure ( qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes,
• VITAMINS functions, Classification and Nucleic acid Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA, Biological functions of nucleic acids

• Chemicals in Medicines-Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, anti-fertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids.
• Antihistamines and their meaning and common examples Chemicals in food artificial sweetening examples Soap and detergents and their cleansing agents

• Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table s, p, d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements,
• atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity

• Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores, Steps involved in the extraction of metals,
• concentration, reduction ( chemical and electrolytic methods), and refining with special reference to the extraction of AL Cu, Zn, and Fe,
• Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals

• Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen,
• Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water, Structure, preparation, reactions, and uses of hydrogen peroxide,
• Classification of hydrides ionic, covalent, and interstitial, Hydrogen as a fuel

• Group -1 and 2 Elements General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements,
• anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships, Preparation and properties of some important compounds,
• sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate,Industrial uses of lime, limestone,
• Plaster of Paris and cement, Biological significance of Na, K. Mg, and Ca.

• Group-13 to Group-18 elements Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups unique behavior of the first element in each group, Preparation, properties, and uses of boron and aluminum, Structure, properties, and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminum chloride, and alums
• Group-14: The tendency for catenation, Structure, properties, and uses of Allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites, and silicones
• Group-15:Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus, Allotropic forms of phosphorus, Preparation, properties, structure, and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine, and phosphorus halides, (PCb. PCls); Structures of oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus
• Group-16:Preparation, properties, structures,and uses of ozone, Allotropic forms of sulphur- Preparation, properties, structures, and uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation); Structures of oxoacids of sulphur
• Group-17:Preparation, properties and uses of hydrochloric acid, Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides, Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens
• Group-18:Occurrence and uses of noble gasses, Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon

• General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements, physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, color, catalytic behavior, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, Preparation, properties, and uses of K2Cr2O7, and KMnO4
• Inner transition elements Lanthanoids:Electronic configuration, oxidation states, lanthanoid contraction Actinides- Electronic configuration and oxidation states

• Introduction to coordination compounds, Werner's theory, ligands, coordination number, denticity, chelation,
• IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism, Bonding, Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory,
• color and magnetic properties, Importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems)

• Environmental pollution:Atmospheric, water, and soil Atmospheric pollution: Tropospheric and Stratospheric and tropospheric pollution,
• Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, hydrocarbons and their sources, harmful effects and prevention, Greenhouse effect and Global warming:
• Acid rain, Particulate pollutants,Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist and their sources, harmful effects, and prevention.
• Stratospheric pollution, Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of the ozone layer and its mechanism and effects, Water Pollution,
• Major pollutants such as pathogens, organic wastes, chemical pollutants and their harmful effects and prevention Soil pollution:
• Major pollutants such asPesticides (insecticides, herbicides and fungicides) and their harmful effects and prevention, Strategies to control environmental pollution