Summary

Importance of Manufacturing :

Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development.

• Manufacturing industries helps in modernising agriculture.
• It reduce the heavy dependence of people on agriculture income by providing them jobs.
• Helps in eradication of unemployment & poverty.
• Helps in bringing down regional disparities.
• Exports of manufactured goods expand trade & commerce.

iron and Steel Industry:

•  Iron and steel industry is the basic industry steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and variety of consumer goods.
• Iron and steel industry is a heavy industry because all raw material as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs. Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are required in 4 : 2 : 1
• India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world yet we lag behind because.
• (a) High costs and limited availability of coking coal.
• (b) Lower productivity of labour.
• (c) Irregular supply of energy.
• (d) Poor infrastructure.

Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation :

Industries contribute significantly to India’s economic growth and development but increase in pollution results in degradation of environment.

FOUR TYPES OF POLLUTION:

• Air: caused by undesirable gases such as sulpher dioxide and carbon monoxide, air borne particles such as dust, sprays, mist & smoke.
• Water Pollution: Caused by organic & inorganic industrial wastes such as release of lead, mercury pesticides, fertilizers, synthetic chemical, plastics, rubber, fly ash, phosphogypsum etc.
• Thermal Pollution: Caused by nuclear power plants nuclear & weapon production cause cancers birth defects & miscarriages.
• Noise Pollution: Cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate & blood pressure by making unwanted noise.

Control of Environment Degradation:

• Minimising the use of water by reusing recycling.
• Harvesting rainwater to meet water requirement.
• Treatment of hot water and effluents before releasing in ponds & rivers, involves 3 steps.
• Primary treatment by mechanical means.
• Secondary treatment by biological process.
• Tertiary treatment by biological chemical & physical processes.